Preptin Hormone in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Induced After Infection with Coronavirus (Covid-19)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37375/sjfssu.v3i1.46Keywords:
Coronavirus, Diabetes, Protein, Fats, Antioxidants, Oxidative Stress.Abstract
The research included a study of the levels of the hormone preptin and some biochemical variables in the blood serum of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) induced after infection with coronavirus (Covid-19). Those variables included: glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and measurement of levels of antioxidants (Albumin, uric acid, fucose, and glutathione), as well as levels of oxidants compounds: Malondialdehyde and peroxynitrite in Mosul city on (16) a sample for patients and (40) samples for the control group, whose ages ranged between (35-70) years.
The results showed that there was a significant increase in the levels of the preptin hormone, glucose, cholesterol and LDL, Beside of decrease in HDL, among T2D patients induced after corona compared with the control group. No significant difference was observed in the TG, HDL, and uric acid between the patients group and the control group.
The results indicated that there was a state of high oxidative stress through low levels of antioxidants for glutathione, albumin, and fucose, and a significant increase in the levels of malondialdehyde and peroxynitrite in people with diabetes mellitus developed after corona compared with the control group.
The study concluded that the hormone preptin is a good indicator that reflects the status of T2D patients who developed after infection with corona, by comparing them with the levels of antioxidants and oxidants, as well as the levels of fucose and glucose.
References
Ahmed, N. Chakrabarty, A. and Peter .F. (2020). Protective Role of Glutathione against Peroxynitrite-Mediated DNA Damage during Acute Inflammation. Chemical Research in Toxicology 2020 33 (10), 2668-2674
Allain, C.C., Poon, L.S., Chan, C.S., Richmond, W. and Fu, P.C. (1974). Determination of serum total cholesterol by enzymatic colorimetric method. Clini. Chem. 20(4): 470- 475.
Alubaidi,A. and Tamara, Mohammd, U. (2018). Estimation of preptin in serum of thyroid dysfunction patients and its relationship with other parameters. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 34(4), 2114–2124.
Ambade, V. N., Sharma, Y. V., and Somani, B. L. (1998). Methods for estimation of blood glucose: a comparative evaluation. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 54(2), 131-133.
Aninagyei, E., Tetteh E.T. and Banini, J.( 2019) Evaluation of haemato-biochemical parameters and serum levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α oxidative stress biomarker in sickle cell-malaria comorbidity. J Appl Microb Res, 2(1): 32–40
Baqi, H., M. Farag, H. and El Bilbeisi, A.H. (2020). Oxidative Stress and Its Association with COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research. 5, 97-105.
Bornstein, S.R., Dalan, R. and Hopkins, D. (2020). Endocrine and metabolic link to coronavirus infection. Nat Rev Endocrinol 16, 297–298.
Buchanan, C.M., Phillips, A.R. and Cooper, G.J.(2001). Preptin derived from proinsulin-like growth factor II (proIGF-II) is secreted from pancreatic islet beta-cells and enhances insulin secretion. Biochem. J. 360:431–9
Chee, Y.J., Ng, S.J.H. and Yeoh, E. (2020) Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by Covid-19 in a patient with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 164:108166.
Chen, N., Zhou, M. and Dong, X. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Lancet, 395 (10223), pp. 507-513
Clark, R. Waters, B. and Stanfill, A.G. (2021) Elevated liver function tests in COVID-19: causes, clinical evidence, and potential treatmentsNurse Pract, 46 (1) pp. 21-26
Derouiche S. (2020). Oxidative stress associated with SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) increases the severity of the lung disease—a systematic review. J Infect Dis Epidemol , 6(3): 1–6.
Dische, Z. and Shettles, L. B. (1948). A specific color reaction of methylpentoses and a spectrophotometric micromethod for their determination. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 175(2), 595-603.
Doumas, B.T., Watson, W.A. and Biggs, H.G. (1971). Albumen standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromocresol green. Clin. Chem. Acta. 31:87-96.
Farukhi, Z., and Mora, S. (2018). The future of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in an era of nonfasting lipid testing and potent low-density lipoprotein lowering. Circulation, 137(1): 20–23.
Fossati, P. and Prencipe, L. (1982). Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clini. Chem. 28 (10): 2077-2080.
Goyal, P., Choi, J., Pinheiro, L., Schenck, E., Chen, R. and Jabri, A. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City. N Engl J Med.
Guidet, B. and Shah, S.V. (1989). Enhanced in vivo H2O2 generation by rat kidney in glycerol-induced renal failure. Am J Physiol. 257(3 Pt 2), F440-F445.
Hameed, O. M. and Al-Helaly, L. A.(2020). Levels for Some Toxic and Essential Metals in Patients with Neurological Diseases. Raf. Jour. Sci. 29(3):27-37.
Hameed, O. M. and Al-Helaly, L. A.(2021). Evaluation the level of Total Fucose and Some Enzymes in the Blood of Patients with Neurological Diseases. Egypt. J. Chem. Vol. 64, No. 10, pp. 5613 – 5618.
Hinton, P.P. (2004). Statistics Explained. 2d Edition by Routledge printed in the USA and Canada pp.85-125.
Iqbal, M. W., Riaz, T., Mahmood, S., Ali, K., Khan, I. M., Rehman, A., Zhang, W. and Mu, W. (2021). A review on selective l-fucose/d-arabinose isomerases for biocatalytic production of l-fuculose/d-ribulose. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 168(), 558–571.
Katsiki, N., Banach, M. and Mikhailidis, D.(2020). Lipid-lowering therapy and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch. Med. Sci., 16, 485–489.
Khunti K, Del Prato, S. and Mathieu C. (2021) COVID-19, hyperglycemia, and new-onset diabetes. Diabetes Care 44:2645
Lopez-Virella, M. F., Stone, P., Ellis, S., and Glwell, J. A. (1977). Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoprotein separated by three different methods. Clini. Chem. 23: 882-884.
Lutz, C., Maher, L. and Lee, C. (2020). COVID-19 preclinical models: human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice. Hum Genomics 14, 20
Mahmudpour, M., Vahdat, K. and Keshavarz, M. (2022). The COVID-19-diabetes mellitus molecular tetrahedron. Mol Biol Rep 49, 4013–4024.
Meher, G., Bhattacharjya, S. and Chakraborty, H.(2020). Membrane cholesterol modulates oligomeric status and peptide-membrane interaction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus fusion peptide. J. Phys. Chem. B, 123, 10654–10662.
Million, M., Armstrong, N. and Khelaifia, S. (2020).The Antioxidants Glutathione, Ascorbic Acid and Uric Acid Maintain Butyrate Production by Human Gut Clostridia in The Presence of Oxygen In Vitro. Sci Rep 10, 7705.
Mohiuddin, M. and Kasahara K. (2021).The emerging role of oxidative stress in complications of COVID-19 and potential therapeutic approach to diminish oxidative stress. Respir Med. 187:106605.
Murray,E., Tomaszewski, M. and Guzik, T.,(2020), Binding of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: clinical implications, Cardiovascular Research, Volume 116, Issue 7, Pages e87–e89,
Nalbandian, A., Sehgal, K. and Gupta, A. (2021). Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 27, 601–615
Ni, W., Yang, X. and Yang, D. (2020). Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19. Crit Care 24, 422
Ntyonga-Pono MP.(2020). COVID-19 infection and oxidative stress: an under-explored approach for prevention and treatment? Pan African Med 35(Suppl. 2): 12
Polonikov, A. (2020) Endogenous deficiency of glutathione as the most likely cause of serious manifestations and death in COVID-19 patients, ACS Infect Dis 6 1558–1562.
Qin, C., Zhou, L. and Hu, Z. (2020) Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis., 71(15): 762- 768.
Ren, H., Yang, Y. and Wang, F. (2020). Association of the insulin resistance marker TyG index with the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Cardiovasc Diabetol,19:58.
Sedlak, J. and Lindsay, R. H. (1968). Estimation of total, protein bond, and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent. Anal. Biochem. 25, 192-205.
SeyedAlinaghi, S., Afsahi A.M. and MohsseniPour M. (2021). Late Complications of COVID-19; a Systematic Review of Current Evidence. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 9(1):e14. doi: 10.22037/aaem.v9i1.1058. PMID: 33681819; PMCID: PMC7927752.
Sheraton M, Deo N, Kashyap R. and Surani S.)2020). A Review of Neurological Complications of COVID-19. Cureus. 12(5):e8192.
Sorokin, A.V., Karathanasis, S.K., Yang, Z-H, Freeman, L, Kotani, K. and Remaley, AT. (2020). COVID-19—Associated dyslipidemia: Implications for mechanism of impaired resolution and novel therapeutic approaches. The FASEB Journal.34: 98439853. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202001451.
Spada, A. Emami, J., and Tuszynski, J. A. (2021), The uniqueness of albumin as a carrier in nanodrug delivery Mol. Pharm., 18 (5), pp. 1862-1894
Sudre, C.H.,Murray, B. and Varsavsky, T. (2021). Attributes and predic-tors of long COVID. Nat Med 27: 626–631.
Vanuffelen, B. E., Van Derzec, J. and Dekoster, B. M. (1998). Intracellular but not extracellular conversion of nitroxyl anion into nitric oxide leads to stimulation of human neutrophil migration. Biochem. J. 330,719-722.
Walker, H. K., Hall, W. D., and Hurst, J. W. (1990). Clinical Methods: The History. Physical, and Laboratory Examinations, 3, 60.
Wang, H., Wang, Z. and Dong, Y. (2020).Phase-adjusted estimation of the number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 cases in Wuhan, China. Cell Discov 6, 10.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Scientific Journal for Faculty of Science-Sirte University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.