Environment and social justice A study in the distribution of environmental risks to marginalized communities

Abstract

This paper examines environmental justice through an analysis of the unequal distribution of environmental risks on marginalized communities, focusing on the interplay of social, political, and environmental factors that perpetuate this disparity. The research addresses the gap between theoretical principles of environmental justice and field realities, where environmental burdens—such as industrial pollution, hazardous waste sites, and degraded air and water quality—are disproportionately concentrated in areas inhabited by economically, socially, and ethnically vulnerable populations. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the study conducts a systematic review of academic literature, previous studies, and field reports. The analysis reveals that the unequal distribution of environmental risks is not accidental but results from structural mechanisms including biased urban planning policies, weak enforcement of environmental regulations in marginalized areas, and the absence of effective community participation in environmental decision-making. Furthermore, the study identifies three interconnected dimensions of environmental justice: distributive (fair allocation of burdens and benefits), procedural (meaningful participation in decision-making), and recognitional (respect for cultural identities). The absence of any dimension deepens community vulnerability. Findings confirm that addressing environmental injustice requires fundamental transformation in environmental governance models to ensure equitable risk distribution and inclusive participation in decision-making processes.