Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel using Morpholine Methylene Phosphonic Acid (MPA) in Oil Field Water
Keywords:
Morpholine methylene phosphonic acid, Scale formation, scale Inhibitors, oil field water, Inhibitor efficiencyAbstract
The formation of scales and sludges deposited from waters is troublesome. These deposits may form in distribution lines, domestic hot water heaters, various types of cooling equipment, boilers, heat exchangers, or on nearly any surface which water contacts. Phosphonates are used in cooling waters, desalination systems, and oil fields to inhibit scale formation.
The Dynamic test has been carried out using dynamic scale rig test to determine the efficiency of scale inhibitor (MMPA) at injection rates of (3, 5, 7, 10, and 20 ppm) at 40 °C. The experiments shows that the scale inhibitor (MMPA) is effective in preventing formation of calcium carbonate CaCO3 scale, where it has achieved efficiency from 94.83% to 98.20% at concentration of scale inhibitor of 10 ppm.
It has been found that the rate of change in pressure with respect to the time is constant, and this proves that the scale inhibitor (MMPA) achieved a very good efficiency as it managed to prevent formation of calcium carbonate CaCO3 scale through a time period with respect to the injection of both the scale inhibitor and sample (scaling solution). The scale inhibitor (MMPA) achieved a very good efficiency at injection rates of 10ppm.
References
. Nash, J. F. & Tanner, P. R. (2009) Sunscreens. In Z. D. Draelos & L. A. Thaman (Eds). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products (pp. 3-14). Taylor & Francis Group, 270 Madison Avenuem, New York, US.
. Begoun, P. (2009) The Original Beauty Bible: Skin Care Facts for Ageless Beauty, 3rd, Washington, Beginning Press.
. Murphy, G. B. & Hawk, J. L. M (2009) Sunscreens and Photocarcinogenesis. In H. W. Lim & Z. D. Draelos (Eds.), Clinical Guide to Sunscreens and Photoprotection (pp. 11-38). New York, NY, Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.
. Fonseca A. P. & Rafael, N. (2013). Determination of sun protection factor by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Health care current. 1(1), 108.
. González-Arjona, D., López-Pérez, G., Domínguez, M. M., Looken S. C. V. (2015) Study of Sunscreen Lotions, a Modular Chemistry Project, Journal of Laboratory Chemical Education, 3(3), 44-52.
. Bartholomey, E., House, S. & Ortiz, F. A. (2016) Balanced Approach for Formulating Sunscreen Products Using Zinc Oxide. sofwjournal 142 (3), 18-25.
. Klimová, Z., Hojerová, J. & Pažoureková, S. (2013) Current problems in the use of organic UV filters to protect skin from excessive sun exposure, Acta Chimica Slovaca, 6 (1). 82—88.
. Osterwalder, U. & Herzog, B. (2009) Chemistry and Properties of Organic and Inorganic UV Filters. In H. W. Lim & Z. D. Draelos (Eds.), Clinical Guide to Sunscreens and Photoprotection (pp. 11-38). New York, NY, Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.
. Donglikar, M. M. & Deore, S. L. (2016) Sunscreens: A review, Pharmacognosy Journal, 8 (3), 171-179.
. Gabriel, J. (2008), The green beauty guide: your essential resource to organic and natural skin care, hair care, makeup, and fragrances, Florida, Health Communications, Inc.
. Diffey, B. L., Ferguson, J. (2009) Assessment of Photoprotective Properties of Sunscreens. In H. W. Lim & Z. D. Draelos (Eds.), Clinical Guide to Sunscreens and Photoprotection (pp. 11-38). New York, NY, Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.
. Acker, S., Hloucha, M. & Osterwalder, U., (2014) The Easy Way to Make a Sunscreen. sofwjournal 140 (7), 24-30.
. Mansur, J. S., Breder, M. N. R., Mansur, M. C. A., Azulay, R. D. (1986) Determinação do fator de proteção solar por espectrofotometria. An. Bras. Dermatol., 61 (3), 121-124.
. Dutra, E. A., Oliveira, D. A. G. C., Kedor-Hackmann, E. R. M.; Santoro, M. I. R. M. (2004) Determination of sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreens by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 40 (3), 381-385.
. Sayre, R. M., Agin, P. P., Levee, G. J., Marlowe, E. (1979) Comparison of in vivo and in vitro testing of sun screening formulas. Photochem Photobiol Oxford., 29 (3), 559-566.
. Emsley, J. (2007) Better Looking, Better Living, Better Loving. How Chemistry can Help You Achieve Life’s Goals. Weinheim, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA.