Effect of Chemical Inducers and Fungicides on Powdery Mildew ((Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei)Disease and Yield Traits of Two Barley Cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37375/bsj.v7i20.3644Keywords:
Hordeum vulgare, powdery mildew, benzothiazole, induced resistance, fungicides, LibyaAbstract
Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, is a major biotic threat to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in arid and semi-arid regions. This study assessed four chemical inducers (salicylic acid, oxalic acid, tannic acid, and benzothiazole) and two fungicides (mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl [Topsin-M70%]) for their efficacy in reducing disease severity and enhancing yield traits in two barley cultivars (‘Areg’ and ‘Wady Bargoge’) under Libyan field conditions. The RCBD experiment with three replications included foliar applications at heading and ten days later. Results showed that benzothiazole was the most effective, markedly lowering disease severity and incidence while improving grain yield and related traits. The Areg cultivar exhibited higher responsiveness than Wady Bargoge, whereas Topsin-M70% showed the weakest effect. Findings highlight benzothiazole’s potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional fungicides and its integration into eco-friendly disease management systems.
References
Abd-ElGawad, A. M., El Gendy, A. E.-N. G., Omer, E. A., & El-Khrisy, E. A. M. (2023). Eco-friendly botanical pesticides: Recent advances in the development of plant-based biopesticides for sustainable agriculture. Plants, 12(3), 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030556
Abdel-Kader, M. M., El-Mougy, N. S., & Lashin, S. M. (2023). In vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of some plant extracts against soilborne fungal pathogens. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 33, 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00682-y
Abdel-Monaim, M. F. (2012). Induced systemic resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt disease. International Research Journal of Microbiology, 3(1), 14–23.
Afroz, M., Ashrafuzzaman, M., Ahmed, M. N., Ali, M. E., & Azim, M. R. (2008). Integrated management of major fungal diseases of tomato. International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production, 3(2), 54–59.
Agrios, G. N. (2005). Plant pathology (5th ed.). Elsevier Academic Press.
CoHort Software. (2004). CoStat (Version 6.311). Monterey, CA: CoHort Software.
FAO. (2022). Libya: Country Climate Profile. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org
FAO. (2022). Scientific review of the impact of climate change on plant pests. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4769en.
Fritz, M. (2003). Resistance induction in the pathosystem tomato–Alternaria solani (Ph.D. thesis). Giessen University, Germany.
Gomez, K. A., & Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience.
Görlach, J., Volrath, S., Knauf-Beiter, G., Hengy, G., Beckhove, U., Kogel, K. H., ... & Oostendorp, M. (1996). Benzothiadiazole, a novel class of inducers of systemic acquired resistance, activates gene expression and disease resistance in wheat. The Plant Cell, 8(4), 629–643. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.8.4.629
Hayat, Q., Hayat, S., Irfan, M., & Ahmad, A. (2010). Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: A review. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 68(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.08.005
Horsfall, J. G., & Barratt, R. W. (1945). An improved grading system for measuring plant disease. Phytopathology, 35: 655.
Leath, S., & Heun, M. (1990). Resistance to powdery mildew in barley: A review. Plant Disease, 74(5), 330–335. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-74-0330
Mahlein, A.-K. (2016). Plant disease detection by imaging sensors–Parallels and specific demands for precision agriculture and plant phenotyping. Plant Disease, 100(2), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-15-0340-FE
Sainju, U. M., Singh, B. P., & Whitehead, W. F. (2003). Soil nutrient dynamics and crop yield in a cotton–tillage–cover crop rotation. Agronomy Journal, 95(6), 1394–1402. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.1394
Steel, R. G. D., & Torrie, J. H. (1980). Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Szabó, B., Illés, A., & Varga, M. (2020). Differences in resistance to barley powdery mildew among elite cultivars. Cereal Research Communications, 48(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1556/0806.47.2019.56
Van Loon, L. C., Rep, M., & Pieterse, C. M. J. (2006). Significance of inducible defense-related proteins in infected plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 44, 135–162. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143425
Walters, D. R., Ratsep, J., & Havis, N. D. (2013). Controlling crop diseases using induced resistance: Challenges for the future. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64(5), 1263–1280. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert026
