Albayan Scientific Journal

Electronic surveillance in labor relations using digital platforms

Ibrahim Bahaa el dine Oueidat — 2025-11-18

This study examines electronic surveillance in labor relations as one of the most significant challenges that will arise as the labor market becomes more digitally transformed. With the disappearance of traditional time and space limitations, employees are increasingly subject to remote digital surveillance via platforms that allow employers to oversee performance and impose fines as needed.

Using a comparative analytical method, the research is divided into three sections: the first defines the legal nature of electronic surveillance and its impact on the evolving concept of subordination; the second explores comparative legislation and jurisprudence, particularly in France, where digital subordination is recognized as a new form of dependence; and the third analyses the Lebanese legal framework, highlighting recent amendments acknowledging remote supervision.

The study concludes by recommending the enactment of a comprehensive legal framework regulating digital platform work, ensuring a balance between employers’ supervisory rights and employees’ right to privacy in the context of blurred boundaries between work and personal time.

The Legal Dilemma of Law Promulgation in Libya A Comparative Analytical Approach

Majdi Sharif Mohamed Shabaani — 2025-11-18

This study addresses the constitutional dilemma surrounding the "promulgation of laws" in Libya's legal system—a crucial stage that grants legislation its enforceability. The problem stems from ambiguous legal texts and institutional conflict between the House of Representatives and the Presidential Council. Since 2014, the House of Representatives has issued laws without executive ratification, raising concerns about their constitutional validity. Using a comparative and analytical methodology, the study draws on Libyan constitutional jurisprudence and references international models, particularly those of Egypt and France. It concludes that the lack of a clearly defined authority for promulgation undermines legal legitimacy and calls for a constitutional resolution, either through binding interpretation or a transitional legal mechanism.

Challenges of the Academic Training and Development Center in Delivering Training Programs for Academic Leaders at Al-Mahra University

Hassan Ali Nasser Al-Malk — 2025-11-18

The study aimed to identify the challenges faced by the Academic Training and Development Center in delivering training programs for academic leaders at Al-Mahra University. The researchers employed the descriptive approach using the survey method and designed a questionnaire to assess the challenges in planning and designing training programs, implementing training programs, and evaluating training programs. After verifying the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was administered to the entire study population, which consisted of 37 academic leaders. The number of respondents was 28 members, representing 78% of the study population. The study reached the following findings:

The challenges faced by the Academic Training and Development Center in delivering training programs for academic leaders at Al-Mahra University, across the main fields of planning and designing training programs, implementing training programs, and evaluating training programs, were rated as significant.
No statistically significant differences were found at a significance level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the study sample concerning the challenges of the Academic Training and Development Center in delivering training programs for academic leaders, attributed to the variables of college type (Humanities vs. Applied Sciences), academic rank (Professor, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor), and job position (Dean, Vice Dean, Head of Department).

The study proposed several recommendations that could contribute to addressing the challenges of delivering training programs for academic leaders at Al-Mahra University.

Total Quality Management and Its Impact on Sustainable Performance in Hospitals (A Field Study from the Perspective of Employees at Martyr Mohamed Al-Magarif Teaching Hospital – Ajdabiya

Rabha Abdulkraim Boussamra — 2025-11-18

This study aimed to examine the impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) on sustainable performance through a field investigation conducted at the Martyr Mohamed Al-Magarif Teaching Hospital in Ajdabiya, Libya. The research adopted a quantitative approach using a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 319 employees. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of TQM on sustainable performance, with a coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.477. The dimensions of Information Management and Top Management Commitment were identified as the most influential factors. The findings also indicated variation in the impact of other dimensions, highlighting the need to enhance integration among them to ensure sustainability. The study concluded with several recommendations, notably the development of information systems, strengthening top management commitment, and improving training programs to align them with sustainability goals.

The reality of applying partial systems for human resources management at Al-Kuwayfiya Hospital for Chest Diseases

Ali Atia Hussin Algabsi — 2025-11-18

This study aimed to know the reality of applying the proposed partial systems for human resources management individually (each partial system separately) and together (the five proposed partial systems as a whole) at Al-Kuwaifiya Chest Diseases Hospital \ Benghazi. To achieve this goal, the descriptive survey method was used, which consists of calculating arithmetic means, standard deviations, and relative weight. These statistical treatments were implemented using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program. This is done by relying on a questionnaire form – consisting of (33 phrases) revolving around the problem under study – as a primary means of collecting data form the 23 employees (under study). This study has reach a set of results, the most important of which are as follows : The management of Al-Kuwaifiya Chest Diseases Hospital \ Benghazi applies human resources management with its five proposed partial systems combined to a medium degree, and individually for the selection and recruitment system to high degree, and for the training and development systems, performance evaluation, rewards, incentives and appreciation, and administrative communications to a medium degree.

Physical Education Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Their Profession in the Basic Education Stage – Western Zawiya Education Supervision

Faraj Ali Emhamed Al-Atoud — 2025-11-18

The study aimed to explore the attitudes of physical education teachers in the basic education toward their profession. The descriptive method was used, and the research population consisted of all basic education teachers under the supervision of Zawiya West Municipality Education. Those teachers were currently in service of teaching. A sample of 95 participants was selected. A questionnaire was developed, consisting of 36 items. The validity of the tool was confirmed in terms of its content and relevance to the research objectives, relying on face validity. Reliability was also verified, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of (0.88). The results revealed that the most selected response was “Agree,” across all items. Overall, 90.58% of participants showed positive professional attitudes toward teaching physical education. The results also showed that 86.31% of the participants will continue in the profession of teaching physical education for a long time as it is ranked first. These findings emphasize that physical education is considered a vital subject in basic education, playing a significant role in developing students’ motor and skill abilities, and motivates teachers to teach the subject.

Academic and practical challenges Encountered by Sociology students during the preparation of Graduation projects

Souaad Khalifa Omer — 2025-11-18

The study aims to identify the difficulties faced by sociology students when preparing their graduation project. The comprehensive social survey method was used, and the data were collected through a questionnaire applied to a randomly selected sample of 36 students, the results revealed the most prominent challenges, which include students inability to develop a proper research proposal, weak research skills, and inability to connect research findings with previous studies.

Scohool Maltreatment and Psychological Safety among sixth and seventh Grade Students in Basic Education Stage According to Some Variables ducation Stage According to Some Variables

Hosnya Mohammed Adam Mohammed — 2025-11-18

The study aimed to identify the differences in school maltreatment and psychological security among sixth and seventh-grade students in the schools of Al-Bayda city. The sample consisted of 66 male and female students for the academic year 2020–2021. The study concluded the following:

There are statistically significant differences between male and female students in the level of school maltreatment and its two dimensions at the (0.01) level, in favor of males.

There are no statistically significant differences between sixth and seventh-grade students in school maltreatment and its dimensions at the (0.05) level.

There are statistically significant differences between males and females in the level of psychological security at the level, (0.05) in favor of males.

There are no statistically significant differences between sixth and seventh-grade students in psychological security at the level (0.05)

Integrating Libyan Folk Literary Heritage into Educational Curricula: A Descriptive and Analytical Study

Omar Abdullah Almahdi Aldaraweesh — 2025-11-18

This study examines the significance of Libyan popular literary heritage and the issue of its inclusion in Libyan educational curricula, as well as how it can contribute to improving their quality. The research investigates the current state of educational curricula, refers to the authentic Libyan popular heritage, and selects distinguished and diverse samples from it for analysis, aiming to integrate them or similar forms into our curricula.

The study is based on the hypothesis that the absence of literary heritage in the educational context weakens national identity and diminishes the quality of certain academic subjects, particularly those related to pedagogy and language.

The research adopts a descriptive methodology and is divided into two main sections:

The first addresses the role of Libyan heritage in identity building through its utilization in the educational process.

The second presents strategies for integrating heritage into educational curricula, supported by examples of implementations carried out in other educational environments.

The study concludes with a summary of the most significant findings, along with recommendations and proposals directed to academics and stakeholders involved in the development of educational curricula in Libya.

The Scientific and Intellectual Renaissance in the Rustamid State 160-296 AH / 777-909 AD

Reem Mahmoud Mohamed Rashed — 2025-11-18

This study aims to explore the features of the scientific and intellectual movement in the Rustamid State during the period 160–296 AH /777–909 CE. This era witnessed a remarkable flourishing in the fields of science, literature, and religion, largely due to a relative political stability and the prosperity of commercial and cultural activities in the state’s capital, Tāhart. It was a decisive stage in shaping the cultural and scientific identity of the Central Maghreb where schools and scholarly circles became increasingly active in teaching religious, linguistic and intellectual sciences. Several factors contributed to this development, most notably the Rustamid imams’ patronage of knowledge and scholars, the establishment of educational centers, the attraction of scholars from various regions, and the encouragement of teaching and authorship. Tāhart, in particular, emerged as one of the most prominent intellectual hubs of the Central Maghreb, attracting distinguished scholars in jurisprudence, ḥadīth, linguistics, and philosophy. It is worth noting that the beginnings of this intellectual movement were closely linked to the emergence of Ibāḍī scholars in the second/eighth century, before later opening up to other intellectual currents, such as the Muʿtazilites and the Mālikis, which enriched and diversified intellectual life during this formative period.

The Medical and Medical Treatments In the Agalabid State (184-296AH/800-906AD)

Osama Saad Ali Elshilabi — 2025-11-18

The Civilization of the Aghlabid State was created in the Maghreb on the Abbasid State approach and his support for their stability factors in the area, continue in the way of supporting medical science in the Maghreb and European countries, the were their medical features beacons of scientists from all spots and institutes in diagnosis and treatment.

The Permissibility of Accusative the Described Definite Singular Vocative with Intent and Addressing

Hussein AlHadi AShareef — 2025-11-18

This research addresses a key issue within the vocative construction, an important grammatical structure frequently used in daily speech when summoning or calling someone for any purpose—whether literally or figuratively. This structure is one of the features that distinguish the Arabic language from others, enhancing its beauty and flexibility in addressing others according to context and situation. It serves as a specific and powerful expressive implement in various forms of communication, fostering effective interaction and eliciting appropriate responses while conveying emotions, respect, and appreciation.

The specific issue examined here is the permissibility of declining the described definite singular vocative when used with intent and addressing. The researchers explore this issue and its related sub-topics, such as the differing opinions among grammarians regarding the reason for declension in the case of proper nouns and indefinite nouns that are addressed (where definiteness is established through addressing or an implied omitted article). The study presents the views of various grammarians, their disagreements, and the evidence they cite to support their positions.

The genius of Imam Bukhari and his innovations in classification

Saleh Al-ameen Almazee — 2025-11-18

The researcher demonstrated a large part of Imam Al-Bukhari's innovations and his genius in selecting his works on faith, Sharia, and ethics. He also demonstrated and discussed the justifications and explanations of some of those interested in his heritage and his actions in his works in general, and his collection in particular. The result was the validity of what was attributed to him of these justifications, which truly demonstrates that he was a genius.

He explained that he was an imam who had made an effort to classify weak narrators, and that he had collected the pillars of religion from the authentic Sunnah in various books, and that he had a methodology for absorbing the opposition, and that he had great caution in narration, transmission, and explanation.

The conclusion was that he was a brilliant and innovative imam, without a doubt, and anyone who attacked him did not know him or his works. Had he known him, he would have been fair, except for those who were enemies of the religion.

Efficient use of agricultural land resources for the production of some vegetable crops in Libya Case study of Al-Qubbah Municipality during the 2021-2022 season

Abdulrazek saleh Al-shabah — 2025-11-18

Despite the importance of land resources for all agricultural economic activities, this resource has not been optimally exploited in Libya for the production of various agricultural crops. The results of the study indicate, through descriptive analysis, that 50% of farmers hold a university qualification and 50% hold a qualification between intermediate and can read and write. It was also shown that all farmers are abandoning plant activity. The quantitative analysis also showed that there is economic efficiency for the land resource in producing the cucumber crop for the municipality of Al-Qubba, considering that the production elasticity is greater than the correct unit. The results of the study also showed that there is no economic efficiency for the land resource to produce tomatoes and dry onions, given that the production elasticity is less than the correct unit for each of them, as it amounted to about. 0.318, 0.205 respectively. The study recommended working to support the agricultural sector by providing production requirements and granting agricultural loans of all kinds. Paying attention to training and developing agricultural labor so that the available elements of agricultural production can be used efficiently. Drawing up an agricultural economic policy for crop structure that ensures the efficient use of productive elements and also ensures that agricultural labor does not migrate to work in other sectors.

Assessment of the Quality of Rainwater Collected by Roman Wells in Umm Saad Municipality

fathi. I .M. Ajweedah — 2025-11-18

The study area, Umm Saad, is located in eastern Libya, approximately 130 kilometers east of Tobruk. The local population relies on rainwater harvesting and groundwater as sources of drinking water and for agricultural purposes. This study aimed to assess the quality of water collected from Roman wells in the area by comparing it with local and international standards, including those of the World Health Organization and Libyan standards to ensure consumer safety.

Physical, chemical, and microbial analyses were conducted on water samples taken from eight Roman wells. The analyses included the estimation of cations (Ca⁺⁺, Na⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, K+) and anions (NO₃^-, H₂CO₃^-, Cl^-, SO₄^--), as well as measurements of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness (TH). The results showed that the water from these wells meets the physical and chemical standards for drinking water. However, microbial analyses revealed the presence of high levels of coliform bacteria in some wells, particularly wells 5, 7, and 8, making them non-compliant with both local and international drinking water standards, posing a health risk to consumers.

The Effect of Dry Baker’s Yeast Extract on Enhancing Plant Growth, Delaying Senescence, and the Quantitative Determination of Vital Vitamins in the Flowers of Celosia argentea L. Using HPLC

Fatma Mohamed Emeetteg — 2025-11-18

This study evaluated the effect of dry baker’s yeast extract on the growth performance and essential oil content of Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae) flowers, along with the quantification of biologically active vitamins using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Seeds of C. piumosa were cultivated in a greenhouse at the College of Environment and Natural Resources, and plants were treated by foliar spraying with yeast extract at concentrations of 4, 8, 12, and 16 g/L, in addition to control plants sprayed with distilled water. Plants were grown until seed formation, and vegetative and floral parameters including stem length, number of leaves and branches, number and length of inflorescences, leaf area, total chlorophyll, seed weight, and essential oil yield were recorded. The results revealed significant improvements in most traits under yeast extract treatments. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from leaves (25 ml) and flowers (16 ml). Regarding vitamins, niacin (B3) exhibited the highest content at 14.74 µg/g, followed by pantothenic acid, then vitamin B2 at 49.2% of the standard. Vitamin B1 reached 7.63 µg/g, while vitamin C (ascorbic acid) showed the lowest content at 42.7% of the standard. The study concludes that dry yeast extract plays an effective role in promoting plant growth and enhancing the accumulation of essential oils and vital vitamins in C. argentea.

The ICAO’s Ability to Ensuring Air Navigation Safety in Conflict Zones in Middle East

Mohamed Ben Saed — 2025-11-18

This study explores how regional wars affect ICAO’s ability to ensure navigation safety during wars, using the Iran-Israel regional war as a case study. Drawing on theories from international relations and politics, the research examines political and military actions shape and limit the ICAO’s ability to enforce safety standards. Despite ICAO’s progress in improving safety, there is still a gap in literature that integrate international law, political motives, and aviation regulations into a unified analytical approach. Methodology, the research uses qualitative analysis of the case supported by secondary data from several sources.

We observe that regional wars frequently surpass ICAO’s capacity to maintain aviation safety, thereby endangering global air navigation. The study also underscores ICAO’s limited enforcement authority, raising key questions about aviation governance. The conclusion is that effective air navigation safety in regional wars requires stronger ICAO’s enforcement of safety standards and political commitment. This paper advocates for practical measures, such as enhanced ICAO collaboration during crises and the establishment of an aviation taskforce to assist the ICAO to implement safety standards and protocols.

The impact of external auditors' practice of electronic auditing on the detection of financial fraud (Field study on Libyan external auditors)

Tarek A. Elsharif — 2025-11-18

This study aims to identify the impact of external auditors' use of electronic auditing techniques on detecting financial fraud, while examining the interactive role of both their awareness of forensic accounting skills and their understanding of the basic ethical principles of forensic accounting service providers. A descriptive–analytical approach was adopted, and data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 110 external auditors in Libya, of which 100 valid responses were analyzed using Smart PLS 4.1.

The results revealed that electronic auditing has a significant and positive effect on fraud detection, highlighting it as the most influential factor. Forensic accounting skills also showed a positive and statistically significant effect, though with a smaller impact, whereas ethical principles did not demonstrate a direct significant relationship with fraud detection. The model explained 23.3% of the variance in fraud detection, indicating a moderate explanatory power. Based on these findings, the study recommends strengthening the adoption of electronic auditing technologies, organizing specialized training programs in forensic accounting skills, enhancing accounting curricula to integrate electronic auditing and forensic accounting, and revising professional codes of ethics to link them with practical applications.

A Multidisciplinary Risk Assessment of Pressure Vessel Integrity and Hazardous Area Classification in n-Heptane Handling Operations

Essa Shawail — 2025-11-18

This multidisciplinary study assesses risks in a high-pressure vessel storing flammable n-heptane. Using failure diagrams, corrosion modeling, and hazard zoning, it provides a holistic safety evaluation. Results show structural integrity is highly pressure-sensitive, with 60 MPa causing near-critical stress versus safe operation at 30 MPa. Corrosion modeling predicted a 0.92 mm wall loss over 20 years, remaining within safety limits. Vapor dispersion ranged from 2.99–13.86 m, informing electrical and ventilation designs. The research underscores integrating engineering disciplines for predictive safety strategies and promotes inherent safety over add-on measures.

Invivo study to demonstrate the therapeutic role of 1,8-Cineole in respiratory disorders

Salem O.A Abdalla — 2025-11-18

Eucalyptol also known as 1,8-Cineole is a monoterpenoid compound that occurs in the essential OIls of leaves of various species belonging to different families, including Eucalyptus, Rosemary & Bay Laurel. Due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, expectorant, analgesic, and other activities, this compound has attracted much attention. 1,8-Cineole has a large therapeutic potential use, such as respiratory treatments, pain relief and in aromatherapy. Lobelia has found widespread use in medicinal preparations as an adjunct in relieving air-passage restrictions and in assisting with mucus expulsion in the management of asthma, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Additionally, the antinociceptive properties of 1,8-Cineole provide an alternative mechanism of pain relief that is less reliant on established pathways of pain hypersensitization which have shown efficacy across numerous preclinical and clinical pain paradigms in addition to peripheral central sensitization in a host of pain models.

Effect of Chemical Inducers and Fungicides on Powdery Mildew ((Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei)Disease and Yield Traits of Two Barley Cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Muna N. Ekrim — 2025-11-18

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, is a major biotic threat to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in arid and semi-arid regions. This study assessed four chemical inducers (salicylic acid, oxalic acid, tannic acid, and benzothiazole) and two fungicides (mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl [Topsin-M70%]) for their efficacy in reducing disease severity and enhancing yield traits in two barley cultivars (‘Areg’ and ‘Wady Bargoge’) under Libyan field conditions. The RCBD experiment with three replications included foliar applications at heading and ten days later. Results showed that benzothiazole was the most effective, markedly lowering disease severity and incidence while improving grain yield and related traits. The Areg cultivar exhibited higher responsiveness than Wady Bargoge, whereas Topsin-M70% showed the weakest effect. Findings highlight benzothiazole’s potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional fungicides and its integration into eco-friendly disease management systems.

The Future of Solar Energy in Libya: Reality, Challenges and Future Opportunities

Basmah A. Aldeeb — 2025-11-18

Solar energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources with significant potential to achieve environmental and economic sustainability, due to its role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. This study aims to explore citizens’ perspectives on the future of solar energy in Libya, focusing on their awareness of its benefits and the challenges to its adoption. The study targeted a sample of high school, university, and postgraduate degree holders in western Libya during the Fall semester of 2024, with data collected through an online questionnaire. The results indicate that more than half of the participants are unaware of a clear governmental plan to adopt solar energy, while most believe that the government may begin implementing it within 10–15 years, provided that adequate infrastructure and investments are in place. The majority also expressed willingness to use solar energy in their homes if incentives and governmental support were available. The study concludes that Libya possesses natural conditions that could make it a leading country in solar energy utilization; however, achieving this requires supportive policies, infrastructure development, increased public awareness, and overcoming economic and technical barriers.

Comprehensive Review of the Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Ecological Relevance of Artemisia herba-alba

Thurya Saleh Faraj — 2025-11-18

Artemisia herba-alba is a perennial aromatic plant common in arid and semi-arid regions and known for its medicinal, ecological, and industrial importance. This review presents updated insights into its phytochemical profile, essential oils, biological activities, and adaptive physiology. The essential oils are rich in monoterpenes such as 1,8-cineole, camphor, thujone, and borneol, showing strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Phenolic compounds enhance antioxidant and allelopathic functions, influencing seed germination and enzymatic regulation. Recent studies have revealed eco-friendly uses, including corrosion inhibition and natural insecticidal effects. Physiological and biochemical assessments confirm drought tolerance through osmoprotective accumulation of sugars and proline and activation of antioxidant enzymes. Molecular analyses using ISSR, RAPD, and DNA barcoding show high genetic diversity linked to ecological and geographical variations. Further integration of omics technologies and applied studies will advance the pharmacological, ecological, and economic utilization of this species.

A Generalized Extreme Value Naïve Bayes Framework for Classifying Univariate Extreme Value

Zahra Alghanay Mohammed — 2025-11-19

This paper aims to develop a model that predicts the class of extreme values by utilizing the Naïve Bayes algorithm and employing statistical models from Extreme Value Theory (EVT). It aligns with recent interests in creating innovative algorithms that integrate both machine learning (ML) and EVT. The model is developed using simulated data, and the experimental results demonstrate significant performance, achieving an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.98, along with an AUC of 0.97. The MATLAB software package is used to model and implement the proposed algorithm, which establishes a classification rule for determining the class of extreme values.

Solution of Abel's Integral Equation By Using Sawi Integral Transform

Hanan A. Maity — 2025-11-18

In this work, we introduce a new application for solving a singular integral equation; specifically, Abel's integral equation of the first type using Sawi integral transform. We provide a number of examples of demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested approach. Results indicate that, the Sawi integral transformation is a very helpful and efficient integration tool for solving and simplifying this type of integral equation.