The Causal Relationship between the VIX and Global Oil Prices under Geopolitical Tensions: An Econometric Study using Toda-Yamamoto Methodology. Economic studies journal, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 194–187, 2026. DOI: 10.37375/esj.v9i2.4389. Disponível em: https://journal.su.edu.ly/index.php/esj/article/view/4389. Acesso em: 2 oct. 2026.