Analyzed the environmental factors affecting cotton production in the Middle Chari region of Chad (2002–2022)

Abstract

The research aimed at addressing the relationship between environmental factors and cotton yield productivity, identifying cultivation areas, and developing practical recommendations to improve production and reduce negative environmental and social impacts. The research adopted descriptive-analytical, historical, ecological, and crop approach. This included spatial analysis using geographical information systems (ArcGIS 10.8.1) to map spatial suitability and variability, and statistical analysis of time series using SPSS software to estimate the impact of variables and measure their correlation. The research also used a field survey and a questionnaire of a sample of (90 farmers), interviews, field observations, and soil samples for physical and chemical testing, in addition to secondary data from climate records, agricultural production data, and satellite images. The results showed a strong positive correlation between climate stability (precipitation and humidity) and cotton productivity (r = 1.00, p ≤ 0.001), with low humidity and rainfall variability representing (52.2%) of environmental production constraints. Mechanization, scientific methods, improved seeds and agricultural practices increased productivity by (52%), while adherence to crop rotation and agricultural extension programs increased productivity by up to (98%) on the farms where they were implemented. Soil characteristics were responsible for 67% of crop growth delays, while pests caused (47%) of losses as a result of weak integrated pest management systems. The environmental assessment of the industry revealed negative impacts associated with the activities of the Chad Cotton Company, with high emissions indicators and waste management issues. Spatial analysis revealed clear productivity gaps in areas far from the Chari River basin, while socio-economic results showed low farmer incomes and high operating costs, calling for supportive financial and social interventions. Based on these findings, the research recommends establishing an integrated rainfall and water monitoring network linked to an early warning system to support agricultural planning, implementing an intensive agricultural extension program to promote crop rotation, adopting biopesticides, and applying integrated pest management systems.