SUSJ is a scientific refereed journal issued on behalf of Sirte University in a number of issues throughout the year interested in publishing research and documented studies in the field of applied sciences for university faculty members and other universities from inside and outside Libya. The views expressed in the publication are the individual opinion of the author(s) and they neither represents nor reflect the opinion of the editor and editorial board or Sirte University. https://doi.org/10.37375/1575
Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Carbon Steel Alloy for Pressure Vessel Manufacturing
This article is to evaluation of fracture toughness of carbon steel based on the testing Standards. ASTM Standards ASTM E399-90 “Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials”. E1290–70 “Test Method for crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) fracture toughness Measurement”. E1820–80 “Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness”. And British Standard, BS 4762 “Fracture Mechanics Toughness Tests. Method for determination of KIC, critical CTOD and critical J values of metallic materials”. This Standards give a method for determining plane strain fracture toughness values KIC, for carbon steel specimens. The method uses fracture pre-cracked specimens.
Calibrating the GHPPS Model Using Cation Exchange Capacity for Improved Resistivity Interpretation in Heterogeneous Sandstones
Estimating water saturation in the vadose zone is a complex challenge in hydrological applications. Traditional models like Archie’s Law often fail in clay-bearing formations due to neglecting surface conduction and assuming a fixed saturation exponent. This study calibrates the Glover-Hole-Pous (GHP) model and its partially saturated extension (n) using data from Wildmoor Formation sandstone cores. Under full saturation, the geometry factor (m) ranged from 1.62 to 1.86, and surface conductivity varied between 10.23 and 24.0 mS/m. Under partial saturation, the (n) ranged from 0.49 to 0.77, significantly lower than Archie’s canonical value. Analysis revealed strong correlations between n, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and volumetric charge density (Qv), confirming that clay content controls surface conductivity and dictates the saturation-conductivity relationship. These results provide a reliable framework for determining field-scale pore water salinity and saturation. The synergy between model parameters and CEC allows constraining GHP and GHPPS models using field measurements, enhancing the interpretation of electromagnetic induction and resistivity surveys. This approach significantly improves the predictability of pore water salinity variations, overcoming traditional limitations. It offers a precise tool for managing water resources and assessing environmental risks in complex clay-bearing formations. By integrating laboratory parameters with field geophysical data, the study establishes a rigorous methodology for improved subsurface characterization, ensuring accurate hydrological modeling and effective environmental monitoring in heterogeneous environments where conventional methods often yield unreliable results for practical applications and decision-making processes in water resource management.
Physicochemical, Morphological, and Thermal Characterization of Selected Clay Samples from Southern Libya
Eight clay samples collected from southern Libya were characterized using descriptive observation, light-microscope examination, Munsell color estimation, and selected physicochemical tests. The samples showed clear differences in color, texture, particle appearance, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, particle density, shrinkage behavior, exchangeable cations, and water-extractable phosphorus. Moisture contents were low in all samples, ranging from 0.09-1.06%, which indicates that the samples were close to air-dry condition before testing. The pH values ranged from 5.49-7.31, indicating slightly acidic to near-neutral conditions. Electrical conductivity ranged from 0.20-5.27 dS.m−1, with Sample 2 showing the highest value, most likely because of a higher concentration of soluble salts. Particle density ranged from 1.88-2.31 g.cm−3, while the shrinkage/expansion coefficient ranged from 1.81-6.59%. Water-extractable phosphorus varied widely from 0.97-87.6 mg.Kg−1, indicating substantial differences in soluble phosphorus among the samples. Drying-curve data showed limited mass loss below 200 °C, followed by more pronounced losses at higher temperatures. By 800 °C, the total mass loss ranged from approximately 8.8-15.7%, with Sample 8 showing the highest total loss. These results provide an initial basis for evaluating southern Libyan clay as a local natural resource, but further mineralogical and application-specific testing is required before industrial or environmental use can be recommended.
PI Speed Control of PM Double Rotor Generators for Wind Energy Application
This paper introduces a Permanent Magnet Double Rotor Generators (PMDRG), single stator, double rotating rotors with symmetrical air-gaps machine. It is capable to deliver independently power by two generators in a single machine. The proposed study is about the circuit diagram of PMDRG model, and controlled dynamics by Proportional Integral (PI) control system and introduces the simulation by MATLAB/Simulink. The machine should be installed for wind energy application aiming a more compact and efficient power production. The PI control system is commonly used for electric machines due to its simplicity and effectiveness in eliminating steady-state error. In PMDRG system, PI controllers are naturally used to regulate their rotors speeds, which in turn controls the active power output.
Permanent Magnet Double Rotor Generators
Evaluating of performance of Elkhalej steam turbine power plant (KSTPP) based on energy criteria
The performance analysis of a power plant after commissioning is essential to assess its operational behavior in comparison with the manufacturer’s design specifications. Operating the power plant near its design load is crucial for achieving maximum thermal efficiency, ensuring economical operation, and reducing environmental impacts. In this study, the performance analysis of the Elkhalej Steam Turbine Power Plant was carried out based on energy analysis criteria to evaluate the thermal efficiency and heat rate of the plant, as well as to determine the deviations between off-design conditions and actual operating loads. A thermodynamic model was developed to simulate the plant processes and evaluate the performance of its major components. The model was validated using the design specification data provided by the manufacturer. The obtained results show that operation at lower practical loads leads to larger deviations from the design performance, while operation at higher practical loads brings the plant behavior closer to the intended design conditions and improves overall performance efficiency.
Control of Non-Linear Liquid Level Using Fuzzy logic System
Level control systems play a crucial role across a wide range of industries, including oil and gas processing, nuclear power plants, and water treatment facilities. While Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are commonly used in these systems, its effectiveness could be limited by challenges such as nonlinearity, system uncertainty, and time delays. To overcome these limitations, fuzzy logic control has appeared as a promising alternative. This paper investigates and compares the performance of traditional PID controllers with fuzzy logic controllers in handling non-linear level control systems. MATLAB software and Simulink library were used to model and simulate the system in different control scenarios. The initial results indicate that fuzzy logic controllers outperform PID controllers by offering faster response times, minimal overshoot, and eliminating steady-state errors. Additionally, the system’s response is evaluated under varying setpoint conditions to demonstrate adaptability.
Prevalence and Association of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Sirte, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study.
This population-based cross-sectional study investigated the association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)among 200 participants in Sirte, Libya. Laboratory analysis revealed a high prevalence of H. pylori infection (67.5%) and iron deficiency (87.5%), with a statically significant correlation between the two variables (p<0.05). Notably, 92.6% of infected group. Gender and age-stratified data showed a 100% deficiency rate among infected males and participants aged 10-30 years. Furthermore, a significant tendency toward latent iron deficiency was observed, as many participants even those within normal clinical ranges exhibited ferritin levels at the lowest thresholds (Females:20ng/ml; Males: 30ng/ml), inditing a systemic risk for future IDA. These findings identify H. pylori as a critical risk factor for refractory anemia in the Sirte population and strongly support the integration of bacterial eradication into clinical management protocols for anemia.
Analysis of Helical Buckling, Lock-Up, and Drill String Failure in Horizontal Wells: A Case Study from an Oilfield, Libya
Helical buckling in horizontal drilling creates serious risks: high torque, strong drag, poor axial load transfer, and potential string sticking or breakage. Research indicates that friction along the borehole wall governs buckling initiation and growth. Pipe rotation reportedly lowers the helical buckling threshold by roughly half. This study evaluates key factors controlling helical buckling, lock-up conditions, and compressive failure. The case well (A60H-NC169A) lies in Libya's Ghadames Basin. Classical models (Dawson & Paslay, Lubinski) alongside finite element simulations are applied. Parameters examined include pipe size, annular gap, well inclination, torque, and friction coefficient. Findings indicate that axial compression rises with higher friction and inclination. Torque reduces critical buckling load by only 1–3%. Lock-up occurs when helical friction equals applied compression. Threaded connections withstand compression better than the pipe body. These outcomes offer practical guidance for bottomhole assembly optimization, reducing non-productive time, and improving drilling performance in high-angle wells.
Supra-Umbilical 10 mm Port Site Management in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Closure versus Non-Closure
Background: Port site complications, including port site hernia, bleeding, and infection, are uncommon but may depend on port size and location, trocar characteristics, patient-related factors, and surgeon experience. The necessity of routine fascial sheath closure for 10-mm supra-umbilical ports remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of fascial sheath closure versus non-closure of the supra-umbilical 10-mm port site during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials & Methods: This prospective comparative study included 72 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Sirt Oncology Center and Ibn Sina Hospital, Libya, between August 2024 and February 2025. Patients were alternately allocated into two groups: Group A (fascial sheath closure using 0 Prolene with skin closure using 3/0 Prolene) and Group B (no fascial sheath closure, skin closure only with 3/0 Prolene). A sharp 10-mm trocar was inserted through the linea alba at the supra-umbilical port site. Patients were followed for 1–4 months for port site complications. Results: No cases of port site hernia, bleeding, or infection were recorded in either group during the follow-up period. The incidence of port site complications was 0% in both groups. Conclusion: Fascial sheath closure of 10-mm supra-umbilical port sites increases operative time and procedural cost and may carry a risk of inadvertent visceral or omental injury. In experienced hands, routine fascial sheath closure of 10-mm supra-umbilical ports may not be necessary. Larger randomized studies with longer follow-up are recommended to confirm these findings.
Dietary Literacy and the Perception of Diet’s Impact on Dental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study among Students of the Faculty of Dentistry, Sirte University
This study aimed to assess the level of dietary literacy and the perception of nutritional impacts on oral health among undergraduate dental students. A descriptive, cross-sectional research design was employed at the Faculty of Dentistry, Sirte University. The study population consisted of students enrolled from the first through the fourth academic years. A total of 114 participants were recruited using a randomized convenience sampling method. Data were collected via a validated, self-administered questionnaire designed to evaluate knowledge across four key domains: cariogenicity, protective factors, periodontal nutrition, and oral physiology. The results indicated an overall Moderate level of dietary literacy (Mean = 3.46). While students demonstrated high awareness regarding the systemic role of calcium and the risks of solid sticky foods, they significantly underestimated the cariogenic potential of sugar-sweetened beverages. Additionally, knowledge concerning the specific biochemical impact of micronutrients on periodontal health was found to be superficial. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between second- and third-year students across most domains (P>0.05). However, a small statistically significant difference was observed in the Protective Dietary Factors domain (P=0.048), although the overall pattern suggested a plateau in learning during the pre-clinical transition. Consequently, the study recommends the vertical integration of nutritional science within the curriculum, with an emphasized focus on correcting misconceptions regarding liquid sugars and reinforcing the clinical application of periodontal nutrition.
Modeling and Analysis of Environmental Effects on Photovoltaic Cell Characteristics Using MATLAB
This work analyzes the operational dynamics of a photovoltaic module under varying weather conditions. It specifically emphasizes the joint effects of ambient temperature, solar irradiance, and atmospheric turbidity on the overall electrical performance. Numerical simulations were performed to obtain the electrical behavior, specifically the I–V and P–V output curves, which were examined under diverse operating points, including temperatures from 0°C to 75°C and insolation levels from 400W/m² to 1000W/m². Furthermore, atmospheric turbidity was incorporated into the model to evaluate its attenuation influence on the incident spectral irradiance reaching the PV module. The results indicate that, when evaluated under the reference environment of standard test conditions (STC: 25°C, 1000W/m²), PV module achieves a maximum output power (Pmax of approximately 105W). While the short-circuit current and maximum power generation are markedly amplified when solar irradiance scales from 400 W/m² to 1000 W/m², the open-circuit voltage remains relatively stable, showing only marginal fluctuations. In contrast, when the operating thermal conditions scale from 0°C up to 75°C, a noticeable degradation in performance occurs, reducing Pmax to approximately 80W as a result of the decreased output voltage. Moreover, atmospheric turbidity was found to adversely affect the PV performance by attenuating the incident solar radiation, resulting in reduction in the maximum power output under identical irradiance conditions. Overall, the obtained results confirm that temperature mainly affects the voltage characteristics of the PV module, whereas atmospheric turbidity substantially decreases the generated current due to solar radiation attenuation. These outcomes provide useful guidance for the optimization and reliable deployment of photovoltaic systems in dusty and aerosol-rich environments.
Thermal and Structural Performance of RCC Dams under Derna Climatic Conditions: A Numerical Study
The sequence of construction and the surrounding environmental conditions of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) dams play a significant role in the temperature distribution and the variation of stress fields within the dam body. The Bu Mansur Dam, originally designed as a conventional rockfill embankment dam, was selected in this study to verify the adopted numerical procedure. In addition, the feasibility of RCC technology is investigated as an alternative construction method to reduce project costs and enhance overall competitiveness. This study takes into account several key parameters, including the adiabatic temperature rise, the sequence of concrete placement, potential construction interruptions, the existence of internal galleries, and variations in climatic conditions. A numerical model that accounts for aging effects and temperature-dependent material properties is employed to simulate the concrete behaviour. Structural integrity with respect to crack initiation over time is evaluated using a crack safety factor. The results indicate that, due to the high ambient temperatures, combined with intense solar radiation, the occurrence of through-cracks in the Bu Mansur Dam is unavoidable in the absence of proper thermal control measures.
Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Application in Esterification Reactions
Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoNPs) have garnered a lot of interest because of their distinctive physicochemical properties and wide catalytic applications. This study reports the synthesis of Co nanoparticles using both green and conventional chemical methods, followed by structural characterization and evaluation of their catalytic performance in esterification reactions. In the green synthesis approach, pomegranate peel extract was employed as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. XRD analysis using the Debye Scherrer equation revealed that green-synthesized nanoparticles exhibited smaller crystallite sizes (1–20.4 nm) compared to chemically synthesized nanoparticles (2.6–82 nm). FTIR results confirmed the formation of cobalt oxide through characteristic CoO stretching vibrations. The catalytic activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated in the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol at 80 °C for 3 hours. The green-synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated superior catalytic performance, achieving 91.32% acid conversion compared to 85.64% for chemically synthesized nanoparticles. While, the effect of reaction time (60, 120, 180 min), at 80 oC on. For the two catalysts used, the acid conversion increased with reaction time. The enhanced catalytic efficiency is attributed to the smaller particle size and the existence of plant-derived biomolecules acting as capping agents. These findings highlight the effectiveness of green synthesis as an eco-friendly and economical efficient method for producing efficient nanocatalysts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sirte University Scientific Journal
Retrospective Study of Histopathological Patterns of Thyroid Lesions at Sirte Oncology Centre, Central Libya.
Background: Thyroid disorders are common worldwide. Thyroid disorders can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesions. The author noted that no prior studies on thyroid lesions were undertaken in Sirte City. This study aimed to define the histopathological patterns, frequency, and demographic distribution of non-neoplastic and neoplastic thyroid lesions in thyroidectomy specimens at Sirte Oncology Center. Material and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at pathology department of Sirte Oncology Centre, Sirte, Libya, covering the period from July 2021 to December 2024. Collected data were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 statistical software. Results: Seventy-two thyroidectomy specimens were analyzed with patients aged 20–75 years; females predominated (83.3%). There were 40 (55.6%) neoplastic thyroid lesions, and 32 (44.4%) non-neoplastic. The most common neoplastic lesion was malignant neoplasms (72.5%), predominantly papillary carcinoma (67.5%) followed by benign adenoma (25%). The most frequently reported non-neoplastic thyroid lesions were hyperplastic changes (68.7%), mainly multinodular goiter (65.6%). The most common histological pattern among both neoplastic and non-neoplastic thyroid lesions was papillary carcinoma followed by nodular goiter. Most of thyroid lesions diagnosed in the 41–50-year age group (34.72%) followed by 31–40 years (26.39%) with papillary thyroid carcinoma most common in the former group. Conclusion: Neoplastic lesions outnumber the non-neoplastic lesions in this study. Papillary carcinoma followed by nodular goiter recorded as the most frequent lesions. The current study emphasizes the need for population-based epidemiological research to investigate the true epidemiology of neoplasms in this region and to investigate the demographic and etiological factors.
Human Health Risk Assessment and Daily Intake of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Multi-Brand Canned Legumes Marketed in Sabha-Libya
This study aims to assess the levels of heavy metals and trace elements in canned legumes from various brands, such as Al-Taybat, Americana, and Extra. A total of 22 samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The study included four types of legumes: broad beans, kidney beans, chickpeas, and peas, distributed across samples from different countries (Libya, Egypt, and Italy). The results showed that the (Cu) concentration in broad beans was 0.01 ± 0.003 mg/kg in the Libyan product and 0.04 ± 0.030 mg/kg in the Egyptian product. The (Zn) levels were found to be 0.02 ± 0.002 mg/kg in Libya and 0.02 ± 0.004 mg/kg in Egypt. For kidney beans, the levels were generally lower, with concentrations similar to the other elements. In the chickpea sample, the highest (Fe) concentrations were 0.11 ± 0.106 mg/kg from Libya and 0.08 ± 0.011 mg/kg from Egypt. Meanwhile, the pea sample showed high (Pb) concentrations reaching 0.01 ± 0.009 mg/kg in Libya and 0.02 ± 0.004 mg/kg in Egypt. The results indicate that the highest estimated daily intake of copper in broad beans was 0.001 mg/kg/day for the Libyan product (A1) and 0.005 mg/kg/day for the Egyptian product (A2). The lead concentrations in the Libyan broad beans (A1) were 0.004 mg/kg/day, which is within the allowable limits according to regulations. Regarding kidney beans, the results indicated that the iron concentration in the Italian product (B2) was 0.01 mg/kg/day, while the concentration in the Egyptian beans (B3) was 0.004 mg/kg/day. For chickpeas and peas, the estimated intake of elements ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 mg/kg/day. The findings of the study reveal a significant variation in the concentration of heavy metals among samples from different sources, indicating potential health risks associated with the consumption of certain canned legumes, especially regarding the levels of chromium, lead, and cadmium. This necessitates regulatory measures to ensure food safety and protect consumer health.
Effective Elastic Properties of an Al-SiC Particulate Composite Using FEM-Based RVE in SimScale
This paper presents a finite element–based homogenization study to evaluate the effective elastic properties of an aluminum–silicon carbide (Al–SiC) particulate composite. A three-dimensional representative volume element (RVE) containing randomly distributed spherical SiC particles is analyzed using the SimScale platform. Under uniaxial loading conditions, the composite exhibits an effective Young’s modulus of 74 GPa, with an average axial stress of 73.16 MPa corresponding to an average strain of 9.88 × 10⁻⁴. The resulting elastic properties, stress, strain, and displacement fields are extracted and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the numerical results are compared with predictions obtained from the Tanaka micromechanical model, showing good agreement and confirming the validity of the proposed FEM-based RVE approach.
User Acceptance of the Libyan Mobile Shopping App Baahy: A UTAUT Study
Libya's m-commerce is advancing rapidly; yet, there is limited knowledge regarding the public's perception of purchasing applications such as Baahy. This research employs the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to evaluate user acceptance of Baahy, a mobile shopping application in Libya. Instead of random selection, researchers chose 67 active users who filled out a reliable survey translated into Arabic. The questionnaire assessed performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI), facilitating conditions (FC), behavioural intention (BI), and usage behaviour (UB). Cronbach's α values varied from 0.737 to 0.827, and the average variance extracted (AVE) surpassed 0.50, thereby affirming reliability and construct validity. The Pearson correlations analysis showed that PE was the strongest predictor of BI (r = 0.71, p < .001) and also had a direct effect on UB (r = 0.65, p < .001). BI completely mediated the effects of all other UTAUT constructs on UB (r = 0.79, p < .001). To deal with problems with local infrastructure and security, practical suggestions include using AI-powered customer support (which targets SI) and trust-mark certifications (which target FC). In general, the study shows that UTAUT can be used in developing economies and gives useful information to people who work in mobile commerce.
Quantitative Consequence Analysis and Emergency Planning for Propane Storage Incidents: A Framework for Major Hazard Installations
This study presents a detailed quantitative consequence analysis for a major hazard installation storing 30 tonnes of propane. Thermal radiation and overpressure effects from potential catastrophic scenarios including a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE), a sustained jet fire, and a vapour cloud explosion (VCE) were modeled to establish fatality probability distances. Using probit functions and recognized industry models, the analysis determined the distances corresponding to 5%, 50%, and 95% fatality rates for each scenario. A population exposure assessment, incorporating day/night demographics and sheltering assumptions, estimated potential fatalities. For the BLEVE scenario, predicted fatalities were 158 during daytime and 32 at night, significantly higher than for jet fire or VCE scenarios. The study underscores the severe hazard posed by BLEVEs and highlights the critical role of robust, rehearsed on-site and off-site emergency plans in mitigating consequences. The methodology demonstrates the application of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to inform safety distances and emergency response planning, while also acknowledging inherent uncertainties in such predictive models.
Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Soil and Water in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Region, Libya
This study aimed to quantitatively assess the residues of seven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil and water samples from five major agricultural areas in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar (Al-Wasita, Qarnada, Lamluda, Al-Hannaya, and Al-Faydiya) during March 2025. A total of 30 samples were collected, equally distributed between soil (n=15) and water (n=15). Extraction and cleanup procedures were performed following the Pesticide Analytical Manual (1978) [14], and quantitative analysis was conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector. The results revealed the presence of three pesticides (Endrin, Heptachlor, and p,p'-DDT) in positive samples, with a total contamination rate of 33.3%. Soil samples recorded the highest mean concentration for Endrin (0.061 ppm), which was statistically significantly above the permissible limit (P=0.034). Pesticide concentrations in water were generally below permissible limits, except for Heptachlor in the Lamluda area, which recorded a concentration equal to the maximum permissible limit (0.037 ppm). Qualitative correlation analysis revealed matching pesticide types in both media, supporting the hypothesis of their transfer from soil to groundwater through leaching. The study recommends intensifying periodic environmental monitoring programs and investigating transfer through the food chain.
Evaluating Climate Change Impacts on Groundwater and Agricultural Sustainability in Bani Waleed, Libya
Climate change poses significant challenges to water resources and agricultural sustainability in arid regions, particularly in groundwater-dependent systems such as Libya. This study develops an integrated, causal framework to assess the interactions among climate variability, groundwater depletion, and agricultural performance in Bani Waleed. Long-term climate data, GRACE satellite observations, NDVI-based vegetation indicators, and farmer survey data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results indicate a significant warming trend and increasing drought intensity driven by evapotranspiration. Groundwater levels declined by 0.3–0.5 m/year, with a cumulative loss of ~150 mm. SEM results show that climate stress strongly affects groundwater (β = −0.68), which in turn influences agricultural performance (β = 0.57), with a substantial indirect effect (β = −0.39). The model explains 62% of agricultural variability (R² = 0.62). Findings highlight groundwater as the primary mediator of climate impacts, emphasizing the need for water-centered adaptation and sustainable groundwater management strategies.
Climate and Storage Conditions as Drivers of Fungal Contamination and Mycotoxin Production in Food Products: Systematic Review Article
Food safety remains a major global concern due to the potential contamination of food products with fungi and their associated Mycotoxins. Fungal contamination can occur at different stages of the food chain, including production, processing, storage, and distribution. Environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and water activity play an important role in promoting fungal growth and stimulating mycotoxin production. Improper storage conditions may further increase the risk of fungal proliferation and subsequent toxin accumulation in food commodities. This review discusses the major fungal genera commonly associated with food contamination, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium, and highlights their capacity to produce significant Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, Ochratoxin, and Fumonisins. The article also summarizes the main environmental conditions that influence fungal development in food products and reviews current strategies used to reduce fungal contamination and Mycotoxin formation during storage and handling. Understanding the relationship between environmental conditions, storage practices, and fungal contamination is essential for improving food safety and minimizing the health risks associated with Mycotoxin exposure.
Knowledge, Diagnostic Approaches, and Management Patterns of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux among Primary Care Physicians and Otolaryngologists: A Cross-Sectional Study”
Background: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is an extraesophageal manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that often presents with nonspecific symptoms, posing challenges in diagnosis and management. Variability in physician knowledge, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies may adversely affect patient outcomes. This study aimed to assess and compare the knowledge, diagnostic practices, and management patterns of LPR among primary care physicians and otolaryngologists. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 197 physicians, including primary care physicians and otolaryngologists. A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate knowledge of LPR pathophysiology, symptom recognition, differentiation from GERD, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies, including pharmacologic treatment, lifestyle modification, dietary counseling, and referral practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as frequencies and percentages, stratified by specialty. Results: Overall, 58% of participants demonstrated adequate knowledge of LPR, with significantly higher levels among otolaryngologists compared to primary care physicians (72% vs. 44%). Recognition of LPR as an extraesophageal condition was reported by 72% of respondents (90% vs. 54%), awareness of “silent reflux” by 65% (80% vs. 50%), and correct differentiation from GERD by 60% (76% vs. 44%). Diagnostic approaches differed substantially between groups. Primary care physicians predominantly relied on symptom-based assessment (80%) and empirical proton pump inhibitor (PPI) trials (76%), whereas otolaryngologists more frequently utilized laryngoscopy (80%) and standardized diagnostic tools (36%). Referral rates were also higher among otolaryngologists (50% vs. 24%). In terms of management, PPIs were the most commonly prescribed therapy (84% among primary care physicians vs. 90% among otolaryngologists). However, otolaryngologists were more likely to recommend lifestyle modifications (64% vs. 36%), dietary counseling (56% vs. 30%), combination therapy (50% vs. 20%), and referral for further evaluation (40% vs. 16%). Conclusion: Significant variability exists in physicians’ knowledge, diagnostic approaches, and management of LPR. Otolaryngologists demonstrate more comprehensive and guideline-oriented practices, whereas primary care physicians rely more heavily on empirical pharmacologic therapy. Targeted educational interventions, implementation of standardized diagnostic tools, and greater emphasis on lifestyle and dietary modifications are recommended to improve early diagnosis and optimize patient outcomes.
Dexamethasone vs. Alpha-2 Agonists in Cesarean Section Anesthesia: A Prospective Study from Sirte Teaching Hospital
Background: Effective postoperative pain control after cesarean section improves maternal recovery and reduces opioid use. This study compared intrathecal dexamethasone, dexmedetomidine, and clonidine as spinal anesthesia adjuvants. Methods: In this prospective randomized study, 60 women undergoing elective cesarean section at Sirte Teaching Hospital, Libya, were allocated into three groups (n=20) receiving intrathecal bupivacaine with dexamethasone, dexmedetomidine, or clonidine. Outcomes included analgesia duration, sensory block onset, hemodynamics, sedation, PONV, opioid use, and satisfaction. Results: Dexamethasone provided the longest analgesia and lowest PONV incidence with minimal side effects. Dexmedetomidine produced faster sensory block onset and greater opioid-sparing effects but increased bradycardia and sedation. Clonidine showed moderate analgesic prolongation with mild hypotension and sedation. Satisfaction was highest with dexmedetomidine. Conclusion: Dexamethasone showed the best balance of efficacy and safety, while dexmedetomidine improved satisfaction but caused more sedation and bradycardia.
Morphological features and morphometric structure of the Sepia elegans along the coast of Sousa, eastern Libya
The aim of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of female and male S. elegans in the Sousa region, located in eastern Libya. A total of 30 specimens were randomly collected, and 13 morphometric measurements were taken for each specimen. The mean values of these morphological measurements were determined. The maximum total length was 15.10 cm, and the maximum weight was 275 g, while the minimum total length and weight were 11.50 cm and 161 g, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between males and females. High R² values, ranging from 0.790 to 0.799, indicated that the results of linear, logarithmic, and exponential regressions for the WW–DML relationship were very good. The logarithmic regression was the most accurate, achieving the highest R² values among the three regressions for both males and females. The regression constants “a” and “b” were statistically significant in most cases. The “b” value for the power regression was 1.50, which is less than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth pattern. Additionally, the condition of the squid improved with growth, as shown by the regression models (logarithmic, linear, and power) for CF with DML, which had high coefficients of determination (R²). This indicates that the WW/DML ratio increased with cuttlefish growth. Pairwise correlations between morphometric measurements were generally good; some were statistically significant, while others were not.
Prevalence Of Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection Among Women Presenting With Vaginitis Symptoms At Al-Massara Clinic , Houn City, Libya
Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. This infection primarily affects women, leading to symptoms such as vaginitis, characterized by vaginal discharge, itching, and discomfort. Despite its high prevalence, many cases remain asymptomatic or undiagnosed, contributing to its continued spread. In Libya, the epidemiological data on T. vaginalis infection is limited, particularly in rural and suburban areas. Aim of study: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in women presenting with vaginitis symptoms at Al-Massara Clinic in Houn city, Libya, providing valuable insights into the local burden of this infection. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among 300 women attending the obstetrics and Gynecology clinic at Al-Massara in Hun city, Libya, during 2022year. Vaginal secretion samples were collected and examined using wet mount microscopy with saline solution for parasite motility and Giemsa-stained smears for detailed structural identification. Results: The present results revealed significant associations between infection rates and demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors. The highest prevalence was observed among women aged 15–24 years (94.23%), with rates decreasing in older groups. Married women (62.01%) and rural residents (54.47%) exhibited higher infection rates compared to unmarried women (15.20%) and urban residents (22.28%). Infection was inversely related to educational level, with the highest prevalence in illiterate women (64.28%) and the lowest in those with higher education (18.42%). Vaginal discharge characteristics strongly correlated with infection, with 100% positivity in women with white or yellow discharge. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health strategies, including education, routine screening, and improved healthcare access, to address T. vaginalis infections in underserved populations.
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The Efficacy of Adding Midazolam As An Adjuvant To Lidocaine Bupivacaine Mixture In Ultrasound Guided Supraclavicular Block
Background: Brachial plexus block is useful technique that serves as a valuable alternative to general anesthesia for procedures involving the upper limbs. It provides optimal muscle relaxation, stable intra-operative hemodynamics and effective post-operative pain control. The purpose of this work was to assess the effectiveness of adding midazolam to local anesthetic mixture (lidocaine /bupivacaine) for analgesia and anesthesia in supraclavicular block with ultrasound-guidance during upper limb surgeries. Patients and methods: 40 patients from those scheduled to unilateral upper limb surgery below the level of midarm.at our hospital. The patients were allocated into two equal groups. Group ''M'' (lidocaine bupivacaine) mixture + Midazolam, and group ''C'' (lidocaine bupivacaine). Results Our results showed that there was no difference between the two groups regarding sensory onset. In contrast, patients in group M showed an earlier onset of motor block. Furthermore, both sensory and motor block durations were longer in Midazolam than control group. There was no difference between the 2 groups regarding respiratory rate, ECG, blood pressure, pulse rate and oxygen saturation. Conclusion: From of the findings of this study, we conclude that adding midazolam to mixture of bupivacaine 0.25 % and Lidocaine 1 % for supraclavicular brachial plexus block results in rapid onset of sensory block and prolongs both sensory and motor block duration.
From Pulp Preservation to Root Canal Therapy: Exploring Decision-Making in Pulpal Disease Management
Background: Timely and accurate diagnosis of pulpal disease is essential for determining appropriate treatment ranging from conservative pulp preservation techniques to root canal therapy (RCT). Understanding dentists’ clinical choices and their diagnostic rationale helps improve patient outcomes and guides evidence-based practice. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making approaches used by dentists in managing pulpal disease, with a focus on the preference for pulp-preserving techniques versus root canal treatment. Methods: A structured, validated questionnaire was distributed to licensed dental practitioners. A total of 329 responses were collected. The questionnaire assessed diagnostic methods, treatment preferences, use of advanced tools, and clinician confidence levels. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and percentages. Results: The most commonly used diagnostic tools were thermal testing (76.3%), evaluation of spontaneous pain (68.1%), and radiographic imaging (61.4%). Conservative treatments were preferred: 34.3% selected indirect pulp capping and 24.3% opted for partial pulpotomy. Root canal therapy was chosen by 14.9% of respondents. While 51.1% expressed high confidence in their diagnostic decisions, 13% reported uncertainty. Conclusion: The findings highlight a growing shift among dentists toward conservative, biologically oriented management of pulpal disease, supported by modern diagnostic techniques and evolving clinical guidelines. Despite this positive trend, variability in confidence and adoption of diagnostic tools suggests a need for continued professional development and standardized protocols.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-Efficacy Toward Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Among Intensive Care Unit Healthcare Professionals at a secondary healthcare facility (Ibn Sina teaching hospital – Sirte)
Background: The effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is critically dependent on the capacity and preparedness of health professionals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of CPR among health professionals in the intensive care unit (ICU) at Ibn Sina Hospital in Sirte City, Libya. Methods: A cross -sectional study was conducted among 27 ICU health professionals, including doctors, anesthesia and intensive care technicians, nurses and other specialists. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, CPR training and experience, attitudes to resuscitation and theoretical knowledge, which was assessed through a 15-point test. Results: The study included 27 participants (59.3% male, 40.7% female), including 7 doctors (25.9%), 14 anesthesia and intensive care technicians (51.9%), 3 nurses (11.1%) and 3 other professionals (11.1%). Most (88.8%) had received formal CPR training, and 63.0% had performed CPR before. The attitudes were overwhelmingly positive, with 100% of the participants who agreed that CPR knowledge is an essential part of their work. However, a significant knowledge gap was identified; Only 18.5% of participants scored more than 85% in the theoretical knowledge test, while 33.3% scored less than 65%. While 81.5% believed that their training was sufficient, only 55.5% were confident in their ability to save lives by using their CPR skills. Conclusion:. Despite overwhelming positive attitudes towards the importance of CPR, there are significant failings in theoretical knowledge among health services in ICU at the place of the study. These findings highlight the urgent need for arranged, routine and practical CPR training programs to bridge the lacuna between the approach and the ability, thus improving patient results in cardiac arrests
Evaluation of the Effect of Chemical Acids on Breaking Seed Dormancy of Retama raetam
This study investigated the effectiveness of concentrated mineral acids—sulphuric (H₂SO₄), hydrochloric (HCl), and nitric (HNO₃)—in breaking the physical seed dormancy of Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb, a key leguminous shrub in arid and semi-arid ecosystems of North Africa. Mature seeds were treated with each acid for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours under controlled laboratory conditions using a completely randomised design. Germination percentage, mean germination rate, and germination speed index were measured to assess treatment efficiency. Results revealed significant differences among treatments (p ≤ 0.001). Sulphuric acid proved most effective, achieving up to 95% germination when exposure lasted 12–24 hours, owing to its capacity to erode lignified and suberised seed coat layers without harming the embryo. Hydrochloric acid showed moderate efficacy at shorter durations (6–12 h), primarily softening the outer testa. In contrast, nitric acid caused oxidative injury and poor germination (<20%) due to its strong oxidising effect on embryonic tissues. The findings confirm that seed coat impermeability is the primary cause of dormancy in R. raetam and can be overcome effectively by controlled sulphuric acid scarification. The study provides a reproducible and low-cost germination protocol applicable to native desert legumes. Ecologically, enhancing R. raetam propagation supports sand dune stabilisation, rangeland rehabilitation, and desertification control in Libya and similar arid environments. This research contributes to the optimisation of propagation techniques for drought-adapted flora and underscores the ecological value of chemical scarification in restoration programmes.
Bacterial Uropathogens in Urinary Tract Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns among Patients Attending at Tobruk Medical Center, Tobruk, Libya
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain one of the most widespread infectious diseases globally and represent a major cause of morbidity across all age groups. This study aimed to identify the bacterial pathogens responsible for UTIs and to evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Midstream urine samples were collected from patients attending Tobruk Medical Center, Libya, between August and October 2023, and processed according to standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Among 130 urine specimens analyzed, 78 (60%) yielded significant bacterial growth. Females accounted for the majority of positive cultures (55; 42%), compared to males (23; 17.9%). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the predominant uropathogens. Both organisms exhibited high sensitivity to carbapenems (Imipenem and Meropenem), while showing considerable resistance to Cefotaxime and Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole. These findings highlight the need for ongoing antimicrobial surveillance and rational antibiotic prescribing to curb rising resistance rates.