International Journal of Engineering Research

The Improving Throughput in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks MANETs Based on Spatial-based Multiple-Inputs Multiple-Outputs MIMO Solution using Simulation Approach

Ibrahim M. M. Mohamed — 2025-04-30

In wireless wide area networks (WWANs), Even though many access points (APs) are deployed for full coverage, an in ignorable number of devices cannot gain services. To solve this problem, the termed mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) are proposed. A mobile ad-hoc network is an Infrastructure-less, self-organizing, and self-configuring network that allows mobile devices to cooperate with each other in order to gain permanent access. The accelerating development of real-time applications such as Internet of Things (IoT) adds new challenging goal which is providing high throughput through MANETs. This study aims to achieve the aforementioned goal by proposing Spatial Multiplexing-based MIMO solution. In Spatial Multiplexing-based MIMO, each transmitting antenna can independently transmit a unique data stream, which expected to increase total throughput. Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV) routing protocols were selected as they are the most widely used reactive and proactive routing methods used with MANETs. We explain the proposed solution, then review results for feasibility assessment under four different scenarios using Network Simulator software. Based on the obtained results, the proposed solution led to improve throughput successfully when both protocols are assigned, however, throughput with AODV is much better under all conducted scenarios.

The Optimizing Chemical Reactor Performance Using Frustum Geometry: A Comparative Analysis of Gas and Liquid Phase Reactions

Bubakr M. M. Alshukri — 2025-04-30

This study investigates the impact of reactor geometry on chemical reaction efficiency, focusing on the application of frustum-shaped reactors compared to conventional cylindrical designs. The research examines the performance of gas-phase and liquid-phase reactions, evaluating conversion rates, pressure distribution, and overall reaction effectiveness. The results indicate that while frustum geometry enhances conversion in gas-phase reactions due to its unique pressure distribution, its impact on liquid-phase reactions remains minimal. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing industrial reactor design and improving process efficiency

The Soil Reinforcement to Support Building Foundations

Almahadi Abdeljalil — 2025-04-30

Soil reinforcement is a crucial technique in geotechnical engineering to improve the strength, stability, and load-bearing capacity of soil for supporting building foundations. Weak or loose soil can lead to structural failures, differential settlements, and long-term instability, necessitating the use of various reinforcement methods such as geotextiles, geogrids, soil nailing, and deep soil mixing. This research explores the effectiveness of different soil reinforcement techniques in enhancing foundation performance, analyzing their impact on soil strength, settlement reduction, and overall structural integrity. Through field studies and laboratory testing, the study evaluates the suitability of reinforcement methods for different soil types and load conditions. The findings provide valuable insights into cost-effective and sustainable soil stabilization techniques, offering practical recommendations for engineers and builders to optimize foundation design and construction. This research contributes to the development of resilient and durable building foundations, minimizing risks associated with poor soil conditions and ensuring long-term structural safety

Parametric Investigation on the Response of High-Density Polyethylene Pipes to Eccentric Loading

Tawfeg Elmrom — 2025-04-30

The durability of water distribution net- works partly relies on the ability of utility pipes to resist surface loading. In this paper, a parametric study is undertaken to investigate the response of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes to eccentric loading. The results taken from a centrifuge model are used to evaluate the ability of a computational model to predict the bending moment distribution along the pipe. Following this validation process, the behaviour of HDPE pipes at a range of burial depths, and loading eccentricities is investigated further using the computational model. The results of this analysis are used to evaluate the High- way Agency guidelines for HDPE pipe burial depths, and they are found to be satisfactory, as they prevent exposure to the significantly higher bending moments experienced at shallow depths.

Effect of Process Parameters on Metal Cutting Using Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) Technology: A Review

Salah Gariani — 2025-04-30

Abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) is a nonconventional eco-friendly machining method widely employed in many modern industrial applications. Among various process factors that influence the quality of machined surface cut using AWJM technology, water jet pressure, traverse speed, abrasive mass flow rate, stand-off distance, type of abrasive material, particle size, and work material are considered the key operating parameters. This paper reviews the findings of recent studies of the cutting of different workpiece materials using AWJM technology with regard to the impact of key process parameters on the machining responses such as surface roughness (Ra), kerf geometrical and dimensional accuracy, depth of cut, and material elimination rate (MRR), and makes recommendations for future research

Risk assessment associated with Oil Storage Tanks. A case study: Buncefield accident

Essa Shawail — 2025-04-30

The rapid expansion of the global economy has led to an increased focus on energy reserve strategies and production necessities within the petrochemical industry. As a result, the scale of petrochemical storage tank farms has expanded significantly, leading to increased capacity and more intensive development efforts. In recent years, several severe incidents—such as oil spills, explosions, and fires linked to storage tanks—have underscored the urgent need for a comprehensive investigation into the combustion and explosion dynamics of these facilities. This paper examines the mechanisms of explosive combustion in environments involving crude oil tanks, offering an extensive review of both domestic and international research advancements in the areas of crude oil explosions and combustion. Furthermore, it discusses several widely recognized risk assessment methodologies relevant to managing storage tank risks. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations, complemented by simulations of accident consequences, can provide vital technical support for safety management and emergency response initiatives. To mitigate the risk of future incidents, it is crucial to draw lessons from previous accidents, enhance theoretical research, and implement effective safety protocols. This strategy will not only improve the safety of national energy reserves but also promote the overall integrity of the petrochemical industry

Enabling 5G and IoT Through Small Cell Networks

Mohamed Abughalia — 2025-04-30

Small cells are essential for advancing 5G and IoT networks by providing enhanced coverage, capacity, and energy efficiency in ultra-dense urban areas. This paper explores their role in integrating 5G technologies like massive MIMO, mmWave communication, and dynamic spectrum access. It focuses on interference mitigation, network densification, and optimizing wireless backhaul. Additionally, small cells support IoT deployments by integrating with low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs), enabling scalable and energy-efficient connectivity for massive machine-type communications. The study includes a comparative analysis of propagation models and deployment scenarios in urban settings, validated by MATLAB simulations. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of small cells in improving spectral efficiency, reducing latency, and ensuring reliable communication, highlighting their crucial role in realizing the full potential of 5G and IoT networks