Sirte University Journal of Humanities (SUJH) is a peer-reviewed scientific periodical published by Sirte University, Libya, in June and December of each year. It is headquartered at Sirte University, Sirte City, Libya. The journal was established in 1997 under the name The Scientific Journal of Al-Tahadi University. In 2007, its name was changed to Al-Tahadi University Scientific Journal. In 2014, the journal was renamed Sirte University Scientific Journal. Until 2020, the journal published scientific research in two sections: the first devoted to applied sciences and the second to humanities and social sciences. In 2021, the journal was restructured into two separate journals: one for applied sciences under the title Sirte University Scientific Journal, and a second, dedicated to publishing research in the fields of humanities, under the title Sirte University Journal of Humanities (SUJH). https://doi.org/10.37375/issn.2789-2247 E-mail: sujh@su.edu.ly
The political Activity of Mohamed Abbas in Tunisia and its lmpact on the path to Libyan Independence (1929-1951)
This study seeks to clarify the role of immigrant elites in guiding the course of the national cause from abroad ,and to shed light on one of the most prominent political immigrants, Mohamed Abbas, who migrated to Tunisia in late 1924.lt explains the motives behind his migration following the intensification of the Italian fascist attacks and the suppression of the armed resistance in the western region .furthermore It tracks his role in activating peaceful and diplomatic struggle ,alongside the establishment of the Executive Committee which included both the Tripolitania and Cyrenaica Communities, this contributed to restructuring the refugee community in Tunisia and transforming it into an organized political bloc with a tangible impact on the course of events and the achievement of independence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sirte University Journal of Humanities
Using Social Media Networks as a Tool for Raising Awareness on the Reconstruction of Infrastructure in Libya - A Field Study on Sample of Facebook Users in the Cities of Benghazi and Sirte
This study aims to identify how social media platforms can be used as a tool to raise awareness of the reconstruction of infrastructure in Libya, applying to the cities of Sirte and Benghazi. The study is considered one of the descriptive studies, as the survey methodology that relied on to collect and analyze data. In this study, the researcher used the questionnaire form as a basic tool to collect information from a random sample of (297) users of social media platforms. The study has reached a set of results, the most important of which are: - 86.7% of the respondents stated that the content provided on social media platforms contributes to raising awareness of development and reconstruction issues. - The results indicate a high percentage of those who participate in publications related to development and reconstruction projects, reaching 93.9% of the sample. - The official website of the development and Reconstruction Authority ranked first among the options offered as the most credible bodies in dealing with news related to development and reconstruction, with a percentage of (63.2%) of the respondents).
The Role of Cloud Computing in Enhancing Internal Control: A Field Study on Libyan Commercial Banks in the Eastern Region
This study aims to identify the role of cloud computing in enhancing internal control within the investigated Libyan commercial banks. To achieve this objective, the study adopted an inductive-deductive approach, utilizing a multi-stage sample that included three banks in the eastern region (Wahda Bank, National Commercial Bank, and Bank of Commerce & Development). The study targeted departments of internal audit, information security, compliance, accounting, and reporting, using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected via an electronic questionnaire, resulting in 70 valid responses for statistical analysis using the SPSS software. Descriptive statistics were employed to determine general trends of respondents, while inferential statistics were used to test the study's hypotheses. The findings revealed a positive relationship and a statistically significant impact of cloud computing dimensions (Security and Privacy, Availability and Flexibility, Advanced Data Analytics, and Cost Reduction) on enhancing internal control in Libyan commercial banks. The study recommended leveraging the advantages of cloud computing to address internal control weaknesses highlighted by the Libyan Audit Bureau through the adoption of integrated technological solutions that ensure the efficiency of supervisory work and data security in Libyan commercial banks.
Legal Provisions of Electronic Money Laundering Crimes in Libyan Legislation: An Analytical Study
This study analyzes the legal framework governing electronic money laundering within Libyan legislation, framing it as a critical transnational threat to national security and the economy. The research evaluates enforcement and prevention mechanisms under Resolution No. 1013 of 2017 and the subsequent Cybercrime Law No. 5 of 2022, which addresses the evolution of these crimes into digital formats. Adopting a systematic methodology, the study defines the crime’s nature and elements before examining its socioeconomic impacts and existing combat strategies. Given the scarcity of academic literature on this topic in Libya, this research provides significant scientific value. It serves as a vital guide for policymakers to enhance legal protections against increasingly sophisticated laundering techniques. Ultimately, the findings highlight the necessity of aligning national laws with international efforts to mitigate the growing dangers of the digital financial era.
Evaluation of Tax Legislation and the Impact of Tax Evasion on the Economy
This research evaluates the efficiency and adequacy of Libyan tax legislation, with particular focus on Income Tax Law No. (7) of 2010, in light of modern economic developments and the growing expansion of the digital economy. The study is based on the premise that the current tax law no longer aligns with the nature of emerging economic activities and lacks a sufficient legal framework to combat tax evasion—a phenomenon that has increased due to weak oversight and legislative and regulatory deficiencies. The research relies on an analytical review of legal texts, especially Electronic Transactions Law No. (6) of 2022, which fails to regulate taxation of digital activities. It further examines the economic and social impacts of tax evasion on public finance and calls for urgent legislative reforms to strike a balance between revenue collection and the protection of the investment environment. The study aims to enhance tax justice and improve the efficiency of the national financial system, thereby supporting sustainable economic development in Libya.
Academic Integration of Individuals with Disabilities in Higher Education Institutions: A Comparative Study
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of Libyan legislation on the rights of persons with disabilities in protecting the rights of students with disabilities in higher education institutions so as to allow for educational integration and job qualification in the various sectors of society، especially after various forms of disability have increased in Libya as a result of genetic or accidental causes as a result of accidents and wars or environmental effects. The two researchers followed a critical analytical approach. The study followed the analytical descriptive approach by presenting and analyzing the provisions of Libyan legislation dealing with the rights of this segment in institutions of higher education. The comparative approach was also followed by presenting the experiences of States in developing legal norms specifically addressing the issue of their equity and reducing the burden of injury on them، in order to gain a deeper understanding of Libyan legal texts in the specific field of educational and rehabilitation integration of this group، thus showing the extent of their shortcomings.
Liquidity Risk Management in Islamic and Conventional Banks A Comparative Study between Al Yaqeen Bank and Jumhouria Bank for the Period (2019–2023)
This study aims to analyze the differences in liquidity management and resource allocation policies between Al-Yaqin Bank and Al-Jumhouria Bank during the period (2019–2023), using key financial ratios. The findings reveal that Al-Yaqin Bank consistently maintained excessively high liquidity levels exceeding 80% of total assets, with almost no lending activity, as the loans-to-deposits ratio remained below 1%. This indicates an overly conservative strategy and underutilization of resources for generating returns. In contrast, Al-Jumhouria Bank pursued a more balanced approach, maintaining liquidity levels between 64% and 72%, while allocating 21–28% of deposits to loans, reflecting its active role as a commercial bank. The study also highlighted non-significant differences in current assets-to-deposits ratios between the two banks. Accordingly, the study concludes with recommendations for Al-Yaqin Bank to activate its lending operations and diversify investments, while encouraging Al-Jumhouria Bank to further expand its investments under robust risk management. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for regulatory policies by the Central Bank to ensure an optimal balance between liquidity and profitability.
Sirte EFL Preparatory English Teachers' Views on Students' Use of ChatGPT for Completing English Homework
This study examines the impact of Chat GPT as part of AI in education on English homework practices in the EFL context of preparatory schools in Sirte, Libya. It explores preparatory teachers’ perspectives on students’ increasing reliance on Chat GPT for completing assignments. Grounded in social constructivism and cognitive load theory, the study explains the tension between technological support and reduced learner effort. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six experienced teachers. The findings reveal mixed attitudes: while Chat GPT offers valuable language support, teachers expressed concern that overuse weakens critical thinking and encourages cognitive laziness, particularly in writing tasks. The results also highlight a gap between students’ technological skills and schools’ readiness to manage AI use. The study recommends redesigning homework, strengthening classroom-based assessment, and providing AI literacy training to ensure that AI supports learning rather than replacing students’ own efforts.
The Role of Big Data Analysis Techniques in Improving the Quality of External Audit from the Perspective of External Auditors - Field Study on Audit Offices in Benghazi
The study aimed to identify the role of big data analysis techniques in improving the quality of external auditing from the perspective of external auditors and highlighting the requirements of digital transformation, and the descriptive-analytical approach was used to achieve the objectives of the study, so the data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to 90 external auditors affiliated to the Syndicate of Certified Public Accountants in the city of Benghazi, and 80 of them were used valid for statistical analysis using the statistical package software (SPSS), and the study showed several results that there is a high contribution with statistical significance to the role of analysis techniques. The study also identified the requirements and obstacles to adopting big data analysis techniques, and the study recommended to promote the trend towards the digital transformation of audit offices and develop the efficiency of external auditors in the Libyan environment.
Personality-Related Tendencies and Willingness to Communicate in English: Evidence from Libyan EFL Students in Different International Educational Contexts
This study investigates the relationship between personality-related tendencies and willingness to communicate (WTC) in English among Libyan EFL learners studying in different international educational contexts, including Libya, Turkey, and Northern Cyprus. Using a phenomenological approach, the study employed semi-structured Zoom interviews alongside a 48-item personality-related questionnaire to explore learners’ emotional experiences, communication anxiety, and social interaction patterns. The findings reveal the existence of an “Extraversion–Anxiety Paradox,” in which learners demonstrate strong social motivation while simultaneously experiencing high levels of communication anxiety and fear of negative evaluation. The study also identifies the presence of a “Perfectionist Barrier,” characterized by excessive self-monitoring, fear of mistakes, and strategic silence during communication. Comparative analysis suggests that learners studying abroad experience greater intercultural exposure but also increased psychological pressure during English interaction. Across all contexts, emotional safety and teacher–student rapport emerged as central factors influencing willingness to communicate. The study further highlights the continuing impact of communication environments on learners’ emotional comfort and participation patterns. The findings contribute to current discussions on personality, affective variables, and online communication in EFL settings, particularly within Arab and international educational contexts.
Practice of talent management in commercial banks An empirical study on Aljomhoria bank in Benghazi city
The study aims to determine the degree of talent management practice in Aljomhoria bank - Benghazi city. For the study purpose, the researcher adopted analytical, statistical method using on a sample of (53) employees, She also utilized a questionnaire as a tool of gathering the basic data. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS software. The study concluded that the level of practicing talent management in Aljomhoria bank was very high following talent maintenance. Subsequently, the level of talent development came second. Finally, the level of talent recruitment came, which was moderate. However, it found out efficient talent management practice, with all its dimensions, at significance level of (.05). The researcher recommends the bank to promote practicing talent management, and make those in charge focus on such management. The bank should also provide talent-related techniques of recruitment and training and address the turnover issue.
Cultural Pattern and the Authority of Representation: The Margin-Center Dialectic in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Novel Half of a Yellow Sun
This research aims to examine the implicit cultural patterns in the contemporary African novel, specifically through Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s "Half of a Yellow Sun." The study treats the novel as a narrative text that interrogates history, identity, and power within a postcolonial context. Drawing on the dialectic of the center and the margin, the research seeks to uncover the hidden value systems that govern the formation of novelistic discourse. Furthermore, the study focuses on analyzing the representation of cultural patterns through the main characters, particularly Richard and Ugwu, viewing them as contrasting models of the fractured colonial self and the reclamation of the local voice. The research concludes that the novel achieves a conscious deconstruction of symbolic hegemony, asserting the right of the African subject to represent its own history and suffering.
The influence of some varaibles on the consumption of available wheat in Libya
This study aimed to investigate the variables influencing available wheat consumption in Libya using time series data from 1970 to 2023 and applying the ARDL model for this purpose. The results indicated that the variables were stationary at level, except for wheat import, which was stationary at the first difference. The study findings also revealed that there is a cointegrating relationship among the variables. Furthermore, the variables influencing consumption had a positive a significant impact in the short-run. In the long run, the aforementioned variables had a significant positive impact, while the population variable had no significant impact. The study recommended increasing wheat production areas in public projects, which would reduce imports, their high costs, and their impact on the trade balance. It also recommended providing support to private sector farmers to encourage production. Finally, it suggested conducting specialized studies to develop suitable high-yield varieties suited to local environmental conditions.
Role of the Legal Framework in Protecting Marine Resources and Its Impact on the Economic Value of Maritime Projects in Libya: An Accounting Perspective
study evaluates the role of the Libyan legislative framework in protecting marine resources and its impact on the economic value of marine projects from an accounting perspective, with emphasis on transparency and financial disclosure in supporting sustainability and decision-making. The findings indicate that national laws, particularly Law No. 14 of 1989 and Environmental Protection Law No. 15 of 2003, along with international agreements such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, contribute to limiting the overexploitation of marine resources, preserving fish stocks, coral reefs, and marine minerals, and reducing losses caused by unregulated fishing activities. The study further demonstrates that integrating legal frameworks with environmental accounting, and recognizing marine resources as natural assets within financial statements, enhances transparency and accountability while providing reliable data for assessing the economic value of marine assets. The application of the Legal-Accounting Impact Model enabled the measurement of the impact of legislation on net economic value by linking it to compliance costs and environmental losses, thereby confirming the effectiveness of integrating law and accounting in supporting the blue economy. The results also show that weak enforcement mechanisms and limited environmental disclosure practices reduce the ability to accurately assess the economic performance of marine projects. Accordingly, the study recommends updating national legislation, strengthening environmental and financial disclosure systems in line with ESG indicators, improving monitoring and enforcement capacity, and expanding regional cooperation through initiatives such as the WestMED Initiative. The study concludes that integrating legal frameworks with environmental accounting and financial transparency represents a key supporting pillar for enhancing the economic value of marine resources, diversifying the Libyan economy, and achieving sustainable development goals, particularly Sustainable Development Goal 14 on Life Below Water.
Analyzing Accessibility to Tourist Sites in Jordan Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS): The Case of Queen Alia International Airport
This study analyzes accessibility from Queen Alia International Airport to major tourist destinations in Jordan using the Location Allocation model and network analysis within a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. It evaluates travel distance, time, and cost to assess the efficiency of the tourism transport network based on data up to 2025. The results indicate that most tourist destinations fall outside the effective coverage of public transportation, leading to increased travel time and cost for visitors. The nearest destination, Jabal Al-Qalaa, is located approximately 44 km from the airport with a travel cost of 22.5 JOD, while the farthest destination, Aqaba, reaches about 306 km with a cost of 112 JOD. Petra also shows relatively high accessibility cost and distance at approximately 204 km and 77 JOD. The study highlights a clear relationship between distance and travel cost, emphasizing the spatial challenges affecting accessibility to remote tourist sites. It recommends improving tourism transport services by introducing organized and subsidized transportation linking the airport to key destinations, thereby reducing travel burdens and enhancing Jordan’s competitiveness as a tourist destination.
Sociology of artificial intelligence: The transformation of human relationships in the digital age
Amid the rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence now acting as a social agent reshaping the very nature of human relationships this study examines how algorithms, social robots, and intelligent platforms have transformed core concepts such as trust, intimacy, and belonging. Face-to-face interactions have increasingly given way to digital exchanges mediated by systems that lack genuine consciousness or authentic emotions. The analysis reveals that, despite AI’s ability to convincingly mimic human behavior, it remains devoid of moral intention and true empathy, resulting in superficial connections that create an illusion of closeness while deepening social isolation. A key finding of the research is that trust in digital relationships no longer stems from mutual empathy or shared responsibility, but from unconscious algorithms lacking ethical intent rendering it a functional illusion stripped of human depth. Accordingly, the study recommends establishing clear ethical safeguards to prevent AI systems from being presented as genuine substitutes for human relationships. It further emphasizes the importance of revitalizing physical spaces that foster face-to-face interaction to reclaim the essence of authentic human connection. The paper concludes with an urgent call for collective ethical frameworks that ensure technology remains a servant to humanity not a replacement for the core of human relationality.
Blood Connotations and Meanings in Belief Systems: An Anthropological Study in the Tagoi Communities of the Nuba Mountains—Sudan
Using Turner’s interpretive-structural approach, this article examines blood symbolism among the Tagoi of Sudan’s Nuba Mountains. It investigates whether this symbolism derives from a cosmic order or socio-cultural shifts, how it manifests in rituals, how it functions in everyday experiences, and how it articulates opposing concepts. The article employs a pluralistic methodology integrating narrative qualitative, historical, and case study methods. Analyses operate at two levels: field and theoretical. The field level included open, unstructured group and individual interviews, conducted across locations and times, involving Tagoi men and women from different social strata. The theoretical level synthesised foundational and contemporary scholarship, from early ethnographic accounts and classical symbolic works in anthropology to recent studies on ritual symbolism. Findings reveal that, in Tagoi culture, blood reflects symbolism at the nexus of cosmic and socio-cultural realms. It mediates material and spiritual domains, signalling kinship and status, organising roles, sustaining body-spirit balance, and marking social transitions. This is expressed through rituals, like: spirit invocation, therapeutic interventions, rites of passage as in birth and circumcision, protective childbirth rituals, and similar events. Blood performs functions spanning health, vitality, belonging, status, and protection. It embodies dualities like purity/impurity, safety/danger, life/death, and insider/outsider amid fragile living conditions.
From Face-to Face to Interface: A Mixed-Methods Study of Media and Technology’s Role in Nonverbal Communication
The rapid expansion of media and technology has significantly reshaped nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication, which includes cues such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, and tone of voice, is central to human interaction and plays an important part in conveying emotions and social meaning. However, the rise of digital communication and social media platforms has altered these dynamics, with individuals increasingly relying on written text and emoticons to convey messages. The aim of this study is to investigate how the use of media and technology affects the use of nonverbal cues within the broader framework of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC). Twenty Libyan English postgraduate students from the Faculty of Languages at the University of Benghazi participated in this study. A mixed-method design combining survey data and semi structured interviews was employed to collect and analyse evidence. Findings revealed that whilst students continue to value traditional nonverbal communication in face-to-face contexts, they increasingly practice communicative choices that allow them to adapt to digital substitutes such as emojis, memes, GIFs, and textual markers, reflecting both a transformation and a partial loss in nuance in nonverbal expression.
Disciplinary Guarantees in the Public Service
The central theme of this research focuses on disciplinary safeguards in the public service. Among the principal instruments through which the administrative authority performs its functions is the human element — the public employee. However, in certain circumstances, a public employee may deviate from proper conduct and commit an administrative violation. In such cases, the legislator has empowered the administrative authority to initiate disciplinary proceedings and impose an appropriate sanction corresponding to the committed misconduct. To prevent potential abuse of this disciplinary power, the legislator has established a range of guarantees that protect the employee’s rights vis-à-vis the disciplinary authority. Furthermore, the administrative judiciary exercises oversight over disciplinary decisions to ensure that the administration does not act arbitrarily or exceed its lawful authority. The study concluded with several findings, the most significant of which is that the administration’s power to impose disciplinary sanctions on public employees is not absolute. Public employees enjoy a set of disciplinary guarantees designed to safeguard them from administrative arbitrariness and to uphold the principles of justice and fairness in disciplinary proceedings.
The Impact of Sustainability Accounting on Improving Financial Performance and Enhancing Social "An Applied Study on Libyan Commercial Banks in the City of Sirte"
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of sustainability accounting on improving financial performance and enhancing social responsibility in selected Libyan commercial banks in the city of Sirte. The study employed the descriptive-analytical method, and its population consisted of all employees in Libyan commercial banks who are directly related to the subject of the research, totaling 250 individuals. A proportional stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure proper representation of the original population. A total of 168 questionnaires were distributed, of which 143 valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. The findings revealed a statistically significant impact of sustainability accounting on improving financial performance and enhancing social responsibility. Furthermore, the results indicated a statistically significant effect of sustainability accounting on increasing profitability, reducing indebtedness, and improving financial efficiency, in addition to its role in strengthening the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of social responsibility. The study recommends activating sustainability accounting practices through the development of sustainable financial policies, improving debt management, investing in training and technology, and supporting developmental, social, and environmental initiatives to achieve a balance between financial performance and sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2025 مجلة جامعة سرت للعلوم الانسانية
An Acoustic Analysis of the English Plosive Sounds (/p/ and /b/) Pronounced by Students in the Department of English at Sirte University
This study aims to investigate whether Libyan Arabic (LA) learners are able to distinguish between the English plosive sounds (/p/ vs. /b/). In addition, it aims to find out whether the learners’ first language (L1) interferes with their production of the target sounds. Data were collected from five LA learners, enrolled in the Department of English, Sirte University. The students produced five English minimal pairs, containing the English stops /p/ and /b/, and five LA words with the Libyan Arabic stop consonant /b/ in an initial position. The participants were also asked to record the same words embedded in fixed carrier phrases in both English and Libyan Arabic. The voice onset time (VOT) values of English stops /p/ and /b/, and the LA consonant sound /b/ were measured using Praat software. In total, there were 300 tokens targeted for analysis. The findings showed that the participants were able to distinguish between /p/ and /b/ in their productions. This provides evidence against the general assumption that Arab learners have difficulty with English voiceless sound /p/. However, the results obtained from this study showed that some participants had difficulties with the pronunciation of the English voiced sound /b/, which they produced with positive values (i.e. values similar to those of its voiceless counterpart /p/). In addition, the statistical analysis of the data revealed no significant effect of the students’ L1 on their production of the target sounds. The results obtained from the current study are expected to provide valuable recommendations for EFL teachers and material writers.
The Impact of Income Diversification on The Profitability of The Libyan Banking System Before and After Law No. (1) of 2013
This study aims to examine the impact of diversifying income sources on the profitability of the Libyan banking system for the period 2005-2020, specifically before and after Law No. (1) of 2013, which prohibits usurious transactions. This study provides an academic contribution to the banking sector and scientific research by identifying the impact of this law on the profitability of the Libyan banking system. The study data were analyzed using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model, and the model was estimated using the econometric software Stata 15. The study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between income diversification and the profitability of the Libyan banking system before and after Law No. (1) of 2013. Our results indicate that increased income diversification before and after Law No. (1) leads to increased profitability of the Libyan banking system. Moreover, this increase was larger and more pronounced before this law than after the issuance of Law No. (1). The reason may be banks relied on a wider range of income sources , such as loans for economic activities, real estate loans for production, services, and industry, and social loans, whereas after Law No. (1) of 2013, banks focused only on Islamic Murabaha only. This study reached several recommendations, the most important of which is that the Libyan banking system can improve profitability by increasing the diversity of income sources.
The Libyan Banking System- Law No. (1) of 2013
Effectiveness of ChatGPT in Improving Academic Writing Among EFL Libyan Tertiary Female Learners
This study investigates the effectiveness of ChatGPT in enhancing English academic writing skills among 17 female students from the English Language Department, Faculty of Arts, at Al-Asmarya Islamic University in Zliten, Libya. All participants were in their fourth semester and enrolled in the "Writing 4" course, which focuses on academic essay writing. The study also aims to explore students’ perceptions and experiences in using ChatGPT as a writing tool. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative data were collected through pre- and post- writing tests which were analyzed statistically using SPSS version 21. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews which were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in students’ writing performance following the use of ChatGPT, suggesting the tool provided effective and personalized support. Additionally, participants expressed positive perceptions regarding ChatGPT, noting its role in idea generation, vocabulary enhancement, and increased writing confidence. An important implication is that the potential for integrating ChatGPT into writing instruction in Libyan higher education, where it can foster learner autonomy, improve academic writing outcomes, and offer valuable assistance in resource-limited educational settings.
Analysing the Impact of Multiple Constraints on the Solution Point in Game Theory: A Theoretical Study into Problems of Type (m×2) or (2×n)
This paper addresses an atypical challenge in solving game-theoretic problems via the graphical method when the payoff matrix is of dimensions (m×2) or (2×n), implying that one player is limited to at most two strategies. The graphical method represents the two-strategy player’s options as the axes of a plane, while the second player’s strategies manifest as linear constraints. The optimal solution for the first player is then determined by the intersection of these constraints, discarding any that do not influence the solution point. The focus of this study is on the special scenarios where the solution point for the first player is defined by more than two constraints, which contrasts with the standard case, in which the solution point arises from the intersection of exactly two constraints. Such instances are non generic and require careful handling due to the presence of additional constraints. The paper aims to analyze this case using linear programming, with a focus on how to identify and exclude constraints when solving the second player’s problem via the graphical method, It also seeks to examine the impact of excluding these constraints on both players in order to ensure the attainment of the correct optimal solution. Moreover, it contributes to a deeper understanding of the solution procedure of the graphical method; especially in non-standard cases that pose additional challenges for the use of the graphical method. Through this analysis, the active constraints that must be used in the graphical solution process are identified, which implies excluding inactive constraints and considering them as redundant, thereby not to be utilized in the graphical solution procedure.
The Level of Intolerance among Students of the College of Applied and Educational Sciences in Al-Nadrah.
The research aimed to determine the level of fanaticism among students College of Applied and Educational Sciences in Al Nadrah , and identify the nature of differences in intolerance among college students according to variables (gender, academic specialization, academic level, and marital status). The sample included (120) male and female students who were selected using a simple random sampling method, from the third and fourth levels, and from various academic specializations. The researcher constructed a scale of intolerance among university students. After verifying the validity and reliability of the scale in more than one way, it was applied to the research sample. The results showed that the level of fanaticism among the research sample was high, as the achieved arithmetic mean for the sample reached (112.16) points, compared to (102) for the hypothetical mean of the scale. There were statistically significant differences between the two averages at the level of (0.05) in favor of the achieved mean. The highest level of fanaticism among the sample members was in the area of fanaticism . The results also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in fanaticism according to the gender variable in all areas of the scale, except for the total score of the sample, where statistically significant differences were found in favor of males. In the educational level variable, the results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between third and fourth year students in the area of sexual fanaticism and the total score in favor of third year students. No statistically significant differences were found in the rest of the areas (intellectual, political, and tribal). In the educational specialization variable, statistically significant differences were found at the (0.5) level in the area of political fanaticism, in favor of those with scientific specialization. No differences were found in the rest of the scale areas. In the marital status variable (single - married), the results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at the level of areas and the total score in the level of fanaticism. Recommendations and proposals were made in accordance with the research results
College of Applied and Educational Sciences
The Role of Human Resource Management Strategies in Raising the Level of Job Performance in Public Higher Education Institutions in Al-Bayda city.
This study aims to analyze the role of human resource management strategies in raising the level of job performance in public higher education institutions in the Libyan city of Al-Bayda. This study focused on five main strategies that represent the dimensions of the independent variable: recruitment strategy, training and development strategy, performance evaluation strategy, compensation and rewards strategy, and empowerment strategy and were measured their relationship and impact on the dependent variable, which is the job performance of administrative employees in these institutions. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and a purposive sample was used to collect data from (92) individuals from the original study population consisting of (120) employees, relying on (79) valid questionnaires for analysis. The study used a number of statistical methods, including: Cronbach's alpha coefficient to measure reliability, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis to examine the relationships between variables, and linear regression analysis to measure impact and test hypotheses. The study results revealed a moderate to strong positive correlation between the five human resource management strategies and job performance. The results also indicated a strong positive and significant impact of the training and development strategy, as well as the empowerment strategy and the compensation and rewards strategy, on improving job performance. The impact of the performance evaluation strategy was moderate. The recruitment strategy, however, showed a less significant impact compared to the other strategies, despite a moderate correlation with job performance. The study recommended focusing on developing continuous training programs, activating job empowerment practices, and improving reward and motivation systems. It also called for reviewing recruitment policies to ensure greater transparency and efficiency, and developing performance evaluation mechanisms to reflect the actual efforts of employees and contribute to motivating them to improve their performance.
Faculty Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence's Role in Enhancing Academic Performance: Field Study at Sebha University, Libya
This study explores the faculty member's perspective towards the influence of AI on academic productivity in the context of Sebha University, Libya in terms of teaching, research and service activities. This cross-sectional study employed a descriptive-analytical method and data were gathered from 240 faculty members through a validated questionnaire. The study fills a gap in knowledge on AI readiness in resource-constrained higher education settings. Positive faculty attitudes about the integration of AI into the curriculum are reported in most subject areas. Findings: Gender and academic degree were found to have no significant effect, and evidence indicated that years of experience significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected faculty attitudes. The results suggest a baseline acceptance and preparedness among the faculty, providing strategic opportunities for administrative leadership. The research suggests building up an overall regime covering technology boosting, targeted training and clear regulation policies for AI implementation. These findings will inform policy makers in navigating digital transformation in Libyan and other similar development contexts and highlight the significance of faculty perceptions in successful technology adoption strategies.
التعليم الجامعي وفلسفة التوافق مع المجتمع التكنولوجي والتعليم الرقمي
The new technological system of the contemporary state has led to a new socio-ecological and educational model. The most obvious forms of modernization are open global trade markets and the globalization of cultures and educational philosophies within a new global space. Based on this logic, the university seeks, through its educational system, to align and harmonize with society's technological environment and digitize its educational systems. Accordingly, university education has become more preoccupied with personal and specialized technologies and with regard to developing cognitive or professional attainment in the digital age. In this context, educational activities at the university have become primarily based on the principle of competence and the development of human resources within a competitive educational framework, emphasizing the "instrumental mind" as the basic model of rationality.
Dimensions of Organizational Silence in the University: A Field Study on a Sample of Faculty Members in Libya (Sebha University as a Model)
The present study aimed to identify the dimensions of organizational silence within the university organization in Libya (Sebha University as a model). The study employed the descriptive method, with a sample consisting of (200) faculty members who responded to the electronic questionnaire prepared for this research. The study was conducted during the Fall semester of 2024. The questionnaire consisted of five dimensions measuring organizational silence in the university organization (Sebha University), namely: organizational beliefs toward faculty members, feedback, organizational politeness, fear of negative responses, and weak organizational belonging. The study reached several findings, the most important of which are: - The ranking of organizational silence dimensions was as follows: first, fear of feedback with a mean of (3.43) and a standard deviation of (1.04); second, organizational beliefs about faculty members with a mean of (3.37) and a standard deviation of (1.11); third, organizational loyalty with a mean of (2.70); fourth, fear of negative responses from the organization with a mean of (2.63); and fifth, weak organizational belonging with a mean of (2.42) and a standard deviation of (1.09). - No statistically significant differences were found in the dimensions of organizational silence attributed to gender. - Statistically significant differences were found according to academic rank, in favor of Associate Professors and Lecturers, in the dimensions of organizational beliefs toward faculty members and organizational politeness.
The Mujahid Ahmad al-Sharif al-Sanusi between the National Resistance Movement in Libya and World War I (1912-1916)
Ahmed al-Sharif al-Sanusi is considered one of the most prominent leaders of the Senussi movement, who opposed European colonialism. He began his struggle and jihad against French colonialism in Chad. After the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911, he reorganized the Senussi movement through the zawiya, which spread throughout many cities. Due to his religious status and good relations with the Ottoman Empire, which controlled Libya during that period, he was able to lead the resistance movement in Barqa, especially after many of its tribes rallied around him and he formed a system of roles that contributed to the success of the resistance movement during the period of his leadership of it, in cooperation with some Turkish officers present in Barqa. His participation in the First World War had a major impact on the resistance movement due to the circumstances and Turkish policy aimed at convincing him by all means to enter this war, the results of which led to his exit from Libya.