of morphological differences of wild olive (Olea europaea L., var. Sylvestris) in the Jabal Akhdar region in northern Libya
Keywords:
Olea europaea, morphological, genetic diversityAbstract
This study was conducted on wild olives (Olea europaea L., var. sylvestris) with the aim of studying the morphological differences of wild types spread in the Jabal al-Akhdar region in northern Libya. The study area was divided into twelve regions separated by 10 km at different altitudes from sea level, and four trees were randomly selected from each region. The study's results were subjected to variance and standard deviation analysis, which showed phenotypic variation between the types present in the study area at all the studied characteristics in terms of Fruit volume, Fruit weight, Fruit length, Fruit diameter, Fruit shape, flesh weight, flesh /fruit miss, Pit volume, Pit weight, Pit length, Pit diameter, Pit shapes index, and Flesh pit mass ratio that shows the presence of genetic diversity between the wild olive types spread in the study area. This allows these types to be used as a source of germplasm that is used to increase the desired characteristics such as fruit size, oil content, production, and resistance to environmental and biological conditions to improve and breed olives.
References
Ali, S. E. and Mustafa, M. H. (2020). Phylogenetics of some Arabic Olive (Olea europaea, L.)
Cultivars Based on Morphological Data. Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences, 12(1): 42- 50.
Ali, S. E.(2008 a). Behavior of chromosomes during meiosis in wild olive. Journal of Agricultural Research, Kafrelsheikh University. 34(3):808-819.
Ali, S. E.(2008 b). Chromosomal behavior during mitosis in wild olive. Journal of Agricultural Research, Kafrelsheikh University. 34(4):1180-1191.
Arias-Calderon, R., Rodriguez-Jurado, D., Bejarano-Alcazar, J., Belaj, A., de la Rosa, R., and León, L. (2015a). Evaluation of Verticillium wilt resistance in selections from olive breeding crosses. Euphytica 206, 619–629.
Arias-Calderon, R., Rodriguez-Jurado, D., León, L., Bejarano-Alcazar, J., De la, Rosa, R., et al. (2015b). Pre-breeding for resistance to Verticillium wilt in olive: Fishing in the wild relative gene pool. Crop Protect. 75, 25–33.
Baccouri, B., Guerfel, M., Zarrouk, W., Taamalli, W., Daoud, D., and Zarrouk, M. (2011). Wild olive (Olea europaea L.) selection for quality oil production. J. Food Biochem. 35, 161–176.
Baldoni, L., Tosti, N., Ricciolini, C., Belaj, A., Arcioni, S., Pannelli, G., ... & Porceddu, A. (2006). Genetic structure of wild and cultivated olives in the central Mediterranean basin. Annals of Botany, 98(5), 935-942.
Bekele, T. (2005). Recruitment, survival and growth of Olea europaea subsp cuspidata seedlings and juveniles in dry Afromontane forests of northern Ethiopia. TropEcol. 46, 13–126.
Belaj, A., Veral, M. G., Sikaoui, H., Moukhli, A., Khadari, B., Mariotti, R., et al. (2016). “Olive genetic resources,” in The Olive Tree Genome, eds E. Rugini, L.
Besnard, G., Henry, P., Wille, L., Cooke, D., & Chapuis, E. (2007). On the origin of the invasive olives (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae). Heredity, 99(6), 608-619.
Besnard, G., Khadari, B., Navascués, M., Fernández-Mazuecos, M., El Bakkali, A., Arrigo, N., ... & Savolainen, V. (2013). The complex history of the olive tree: from Late Quaternary diversification of Mediterranean lineages to primary domestication in the northern Levant. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280(1756), 20122833.
Bhandari, H. R., Bhanu, A. N., Srivastava, K., Singh, M. N., & Shreya, H. A. (2017). Assessment of genetic diversity in crop plants-an overview. Adv. Plants Agric. Res, 7(3), 279-286.
Cantos, M., Troncoso, J., Linan, J., Troncoso, A., and Rapaport, H. (2002). Obtaining salt (NaCl) tolerant olive plants: 1) some physiological and anatomical characteristics of olive plants growing in harsh saline zones. Acta Horticult. 586, 441–444.
Cantos, P., Gumbau, M., & Maudos, J. (2002). Transport infrastructures and regional growth: evidence of the Spanish case. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas.
Chiappetta, A., Muto, A., Muzzalupo, R., & Muzzalupo, I. (2017). New rapid procedure for genetic characterization of Italian wild olive (Olea europaea) and traceability of virgin olive oils by means of SSR markers. Scientia Horticulturae, 226, 42-49.
Chung, M. Y., Merilä, J., Kim, Y., Mao, K., López‐Pujol, J., & Chung, M. G. (2023). A review on Q ST–F ST comparisons of seed plants: Insights for conservation. Ecology and Evolution, 13(3), e9926.
Colella, C., Miacola, C., Amenduni, M., D’Amico, M., Bubici, G., and Cirulli, M. (2008). Sources of verticillium wilt resistance in wild olive germplasm from the Mediterranean region. Plant Pathol. 57, 533–539.
De Storme, N., & Mason, A. (2014). Plant speciation through chromosome instability and ploidy change: cellular mechanisms, molecular factors and evolutionary relevance. Current Plant Biology, 1, 10-33.
Green, P. S. (2002). A revision of Olea L.(Oleaceae). Kew Bulletin, 91-140.
Green, P. S., Wickens, G. E., Tan, K., Mill, R. R., & Elias, T. S. (1989). The Olea europaea complex. The Davis and Hedge Festschrift.
Gregory, T. R. (2009). Artificial selection and domestication: modern lessons from Darwin’s enduring analogy. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 2, 5-27.
Hannachi, H., Breton, C., Msallem, M., El Hadj, S. B., El Gazzah, M., and Berville, A. (2008). Differences between native and introduced olive cultivars as revealed by morphology of drupes, oil composition and SSR polymorphisms: a case study in Tunisia. Sci. Horticult. 116, 280–290.
Hernández-Santana, V., Diaz-Rueda, P., Diaz-Espejo, A., Raya-Sereno, M. D., Gutierrez- Gordillo, S., Montero, A., et al. (2019). Hydraulic traits emerge as relevant determinants of growth patterns in wild olive genotypes under water stress. Front. Plant Sci. 10:291. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00291
Herrera, F., Lozano, M., & Verdegay, J. L. (1995). Tuning fuzzy logic controllers by genetic algorithms. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 12(3-4), 299-315.
Jimenez-Fernandez, D., Trapero-Casas, J. L., Landa, B. B., Navas-Cortes, J. A., Bubici, G., Cirulli, M., et al. (2016). Characterization of resistance against the olive- defoliating Verticillium dahliae pathotype in selected clones of wild olive. Plant Pathol. 65, 1279–1291.
Kassa, A., Konrad, H., and Geburek, T. (2019). Molecular diversity and gene flow within and among different subspecies of the wild olive (Olea europaea L.): a review. Flora 250, 18–26.
Klepo, T., De la Rosa, R., Satovic, Z., León, L., & Belaj, A. (2013). Utility of wild germplasm in olive breeding. Scientia Horticulturae, 152, 92-101.
León, L., de la Rosa, R., Velasco, L., and Belaj, A. (2018). Using wild olives in breeding programs: implications on oil quality composition. Front. Plant Sci. 9:232. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00232.
León, L., Díaz-Rueda, P., Belaj, A., De la Rosa, R., Carrascosa, C., and Colmenero-Flores, J. M. (2020). Evaluation of early vigor traits in wild olive germplasm. Sci. Horticult. 264,109-157.
Lumaret, R., Ouazzani, N., Michaud, H., Vivier, G., Deguilloux, M. F., & Di Giusto, F. (2004). Allozyme variation of oleaster populations (wild olive tree)(Olea europaea L.) in the Mediterranean Basin. Heredity, 92(4), 343-351.
Medail, F., Quezel, P., Besnard, G., & Khadari, B. (2001). Systematics, ecology and phylogeographic significance of Olea europaea L. ssp. maroccana (Greuter & Burdet) P. Vargas et al., a relictual olive tree in south-west Morocco. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 137(3), 249-266.
Murillo, J. M., Madejon, E., Madejon, P., and Cabrera, F. (2005). The response of wild olive to the addition of a fulvic acid-rich amendment to soils polluted by trace elements (SW Spain). J. Arid Environ. 63, 284–303.
Rugini, E., De Pace, C., Gutiérrez-Pesce, P., & Muleo, R. (2011). Olea. Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Temperate Fruits, 79-117.
Salgotra, R. K., & Chauhan, B. S. (2023). Genetic diversity, conservation, and utilization of plant genetic resources. Genes, 14(1), 174.
Trapero, C., Rallo, L., Lopez-Escudero, F. J., Barranco, D., and Diez, C. M. (2015). Variability and selection of verticillium wilt resistant genotypes in cultivated olive and in the Olea genus. Plant Pathol. 64, 890–900.
Zohary, D. 1994: The wild gene tic resources of the cultivated olive. - Acta Hort.356: 62-65.
Zohary, D., & Hopf, M. (2000). Domestication of plants in the Old World: The origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe and the Nile Valley (No. Ed. 3). Oxford university press.
