هي مجلة علمية محكَّمة تصدر دورياً عن نقابة أعضاء هيئة التدريس بجامعة سرت، أُنشأت بموجب قرار السيد نقيب عام أعضاء هيئة التدريس الجامعي بليبيا رقم (9) لسنة 2018 م، تحت إشراف الهيئة الليبية للبحث العلمي، تُعنى بنشر البحوث والدراسات العلميَّة الموثقة لأعضاء هيئة التدريس في مختلف المجالات. رقم الايداع بدار الكتب الوطنية بنغازي (212 /2019 ) ISSN:2790-0614
The Quantitative Methods and Their Role in Making Administrative Decisions, The Effectiveness of Using Linear Programming in A Business Enterprise," With Reference to The Case of Libya.
Quantitative methods play an essential role in supporting administrative decision-making by offering systematic and analytical tools to evaluate alternatives and optimize resource allocation. Among these approaches, linear programming stands out as a widely used technique for solving optimization problems under specific constraints. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of quantitative methods, especially linear programming, in enhancing decision-making processes, with a particular focus on fuel distribution in Libya. Considering the operational difficulties faced by the Libyan fuel sector—such as limited transport capacity, fluctuating demand, and logistical barriers—the demand for efficient and scientifically based decision-support tools has become more urgent. To tackle this problem, a transportation model based on linear programming was developed to identify the best way to distribute fuel from multiple supply points to various demand regions while reducing total transportation costs. The model was implemented using POM-QM software, and the outcomes indicate that the proposed method greatly improves distribution efficiency and lowers operational expenses. The results of this research emphasize the practical value of quantitative methods in addressing real-world logistical problems and offer meaningful insights for strengthening resource management and decision-making within the Libyan energy sector.
Biocontrol Efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum and Pistacia atlantica Extract in Managing Pectobacterium carotovorum Soft Rot Disease in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) CV. El Mundo
This study evaluated the synergistic efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum and Pistacia atlantica extract against Pectobacterium carotovorum-induced soft rot in potato cv. "El Mundo". Five greenhouse treatments assessed antioxidants (CAT, POD, PPO, SOD), oxidative stress markers (MDA, H₂O₂), and growth at 3 and 12 days. Combined (T4) and preventive (T5) treatments significantly mitigated oxidative stress versus infected controls (T2), with T4 recording the lowest H₂O₂ (37.27 µmol/g FW) at 3 days. Defense enzymes and protein content increased in T4 and T5. Shoot length was preserved in T4 (45.17 cm) and T5 (46.33 cm) compared to T2 (31.83 cm). Integrating these bioagents offers a sustainable soft rot management strategy via systemic resistance induction.
Finite Element Analysis of Tensile Behavior in PM-Processed Aluminum 6061–SiC (10%) Composites Using SimScale
This study examines the mechanical behavior of Aluminum 6061 reinforced with 10% silicon carbide (SiC) particles under tensile loading using the Finite Element Method (FEM) in SimScale. A remote displacement of 0.001 m was applied to simulate a tensile test, and the resulting stress, strain, and displacement distributions were evaluated. The FEM results showed that the SiC-reinforced aluminum exhibited mechanical responses comparable to those of pure Aluminum 6061, with only slight increases in stiffness and marginal reductions in maximum displacement. These closely matched results suggest that the addition of SiC provides limited improvement under the applied loading conditions. Nevertheless, the study demonstrates the usefulness of FEM-based simulations in assessing composite material behavior and offers valuable insight prior to experimental validation.
Development of ultrasonic pulse velocity for Portland cement concrete at elevated temperature
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) is a widely adopted non-destructive testing method that has been used for more than sixty years to assess the condition of concrete structures and identify possible areas of weakness. In practice, it is frequently applied as an indirect means of estimating the compressive strength of concrete. This paper examines how temperature affects the early evolution of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) in Portland cement concrete immediately after casting, along with its correlation to strength prediction. The approach was used to analyze the influence of different temperature conditions on UPV development during the initial curing stage. The experimental findings show that UPV is highly sensitive to temperature during the first 24 hours after casting. Elevated curing temperatures accelerate the rate of increase and produce higher pulse velocity values compared to lower temperature conditions. Furthermore, the relationship between compressive strength and UPV was evaluated. The results indicate that an exponential relationship offers a dependable model for estimating compressive strength from UPV measurements.
Thermal Conductivity modeling and heat capacity evaluation of Porous Abrasive Agglomerates Based on Flash Method Measurements
This paper focused on studying the thermophysical properties, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity, as well as improving the quality and proportions of chemical additives to the basic components such as abrasive granules of agglomerated aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), water and dextrin compound. Measurements were carried out directly based on the detailed scanning technique of the main components of the laboratory-prepared samples (dry) - (38A60LVB5 - wet) - and this allowed for determining how the specific heat capacity (Cp) of these samples depends on the temperature within a specific range of 10 to 80 degrees Celsius. The results obtained from the model and mathematical equations related to the thermal properties showed that the thermal conductivity of the grinding wheels is low for the dry sample, unlike the wet sample, which has high conductivity relative to its moisture content. Therefore, it depends on the coolant used during the cutting process. The triangular microstructure model used to calculate the thermal conductivity of the experimental samples showed that the thermal conductivity depends on the apparent density of the two samples for both the dry (X = 0 kg/kg) and low-moisture (X ≈ 0.0065 - 0.01 kg/kg) conditions.
Digital Transformation and Its Impact on Achieving Organizational Excellence: An Applied Study on Commercial Banks in the Sirte Municipality
This study examines the impact of digital transformation on organizational excellence in commercial banks operating in Sirte Municipality, focusing on technological infrastructure, digital human resources, and organizational structure. A descriptive-analytical approach was employed using a structured questionnaire, with data analyzed through descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that the level of digital transformation is moderate, with technological infrastructure exhibiting relatively higher development than other dimensions. Technological infrastructure was found to have a significant positive effect on leadership and strategic excellence. Additionally, organizational structure significantly influences both strategic excellence and employee performance. In contrast, digital human resources showed no statistically significant impact on any dimension of organizational excellence. The study concludes that, despite progress in technological and structural aspects, greater emphasis is needed on developing digital human capabilities. It recommends investing in digital skills, enhancing organizational flexibility, and aligning digital initiatives with strategic objectives to achieve comprehensive organizational excellence.
Cultural globalization and the resistance of local identity: a study in the conflict of contemporary values
This study derives its significance from addressing a central issue in the contemporary cultural field, namely the dialectical interaction between cultural globalization and local identity, and the value conflict generated by this interaction that affects the structure of developing societies, particularly Arab ones. To achieve the research objectives, which include analyzing the mechanisms of cultural globalization dissemination, identifying its impacts on the components of local identity, exploring cultural resistance strategies, and , the study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on secondary sources such as academic books, peer-reviewed journals, and international reports. The study reached several prominent results, the most important of which are: but on an economic, and educational channels that produce a cumulative impact on collective consciousness; the contemporary value system is characterized by a dynamic duality between relative stability in essence and accelerated change in branches; globalization contributes to spreading "value illusions" such as absolute individualism, neutrality, and the absence of social conflict, which weaken collective bonds; effective forms of resistance are based on an integrated system that balances adherence to religious and linguistic references with conscious critical openness to the positives of the modern era; and the outcomes of the value conflict do not follow a single deterministic direction, but rather oscillate between identity dissolution, identity awakening, or the generation of hybrid identities. Accordingly, the study recommends the necessity of restructuring educational curricula to instill critical thinking, adopting media policies that support identity, enhancing the status of the Arabic language, adopting a selective "critical openness" strategy with other cultures, supporting cultural and religious institutions, achieving national institutional integration, and combating internal causes of underdevelopment as a foundation for protecting identity culturally.
Attitudes of Libyan University Students Toward Vocational and Manual Occupations: Ajdabiya University as a Case Study
The core idea of this research revolves around identifying the level of interest within Libyan university colleges regarding craft and manual professions. Despite the significant advantages these professions offer in terms of income and economic independence, this study highlights the importance of monitoring university students' attitudes toward engaging in manual labor. Furthermore, it seeks to uncover the functional and social imbalances that influence students' vocational preferences. This study aims to understand and analyze the attitudes of Ajdabiya University students toward working in craft and manual occupations. The descriptive approach was employed as it is the most suitable for the nature of this study, which seeks to provide a comprehensive description of the research phenomenon. The study population consists of students from Ajdabiya University across various colleges (Arts, Sciences, Engineering, Economics, Law, Information Technology, and Media), totaling (7,100) students. According to the Krejcie and Morgan table for determining sample size, the required sample was identified as (364) participants. Due to the limitations and difficulties in precisely defining the sampling frame, a purposive (intentional) sampling method was utilized.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Nutritional Counseling Program on Improving Dietary Behavior and Physical Growth among Primary School Students in Tripoli
The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a guidance program in improving dietary behavior and physical growth among primary school students in Tripoli, Libya. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements, and was applied to a sample of 30 students aged between 10 and 11 years during the 2023–2024 academic year. The program lasted for six weeks, and data were collected using a questionnaire directed at parents, in addition to measuring Body Mass Index (BMI) before and after the program. The results showed a relative stability in the average BMI after the program, with a value of 17.41 ± 3.41 kg/m², along with a partial improvement in cases of obesity, where the average BMI decreased from 27.42 to 26.36 kg/m². The results also showed a statistically significant improvement at the level of significance p < 0.05 in some dietary behaviors, including adherence to breakfast, increased water consumption, and enhanced health awareness. Parents reported an improvement in their children's dietary awareness after the program, reflecting the direct cognitive and educational impact of the guidance program. The study concludes that the guidance program was effective in enhancing dietary awareness and behavior among the students, and recommends integrating dietary awareness programs into sustainable educational policies in schools.
Assessing the Impact of Borrower Financial Structure Components on Mitigating Banking Credit Risk: A Field Study of Banks Operating in Al-Bayda City
This study aims to assess the impact of borrower financial structure components on mitigating banking credit risk, with a specific application to banks operating in Al-Bayda City and its surrounding areas. To achieve this objective, the study adopted a descriptive, analytical, and inferential methodology, relying on a questionnaire distributed to a purposive sample of 81 employees from senior management, credit, and internal audit departments. Hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis via the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings reveal that borrower financial structure components play a pivotal role in predicting risk levels; a statistically significant positive impact was identified for both debt financing and the adoption of an optimal financial structure on credit risk. Holistically, the results indicate that these components collectively explain 37.8% of the variance in financing risk, underscoring their effectiveness as a tool for limiting credit default. Conversely, the analysis showed a weak reliance on equity for financing, resulting in a statistically insignificant inverse correlation. The study recommends the integration of borrower financial structure analysis as a proactive indicator within credit-granting criteria. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of formulating balanced ownership structures to ensure effective institutional oversight of financial leverage decisions, thereby enhancing financial hedging and sustaining banking performance in the face of potential credit crises.
Crisis management practices and their relationship to organizational resilience
This study aimed to investigate the impact of crisis management practices, in their dimensions (preparedness, learning, and leadership), on enhancing organizational resilience at the National Commercial Bank - Misrata Branch, in light of the challenges and fluctuations facing financial institutions. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach as its scientific framework. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire distributed to a stratified random sample of the bank's employees. A total of (72) valid questionnaires were retrieved for statistical analysis and processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to test hypotheses and analyze the impact relationships between variables. The study concluded that there is a statistically significant positive impact of crisis management practices on achieving organizational resilience. The results showed that the bank enjoys a good level of effective leadership and the ability to learn from crises, while revealing a need to develop preparedness aspects and contingency plans. Furthermore, the results indicated that the levels of structural and technological resilience were moderate, necessitating practical recommendations focused on the importance of enhancing investment in technical infrastructure, developing proactive mechanisms for crisis management, and empowering human resources to ensure rapid response to environmental changes and enhance organizational sustainability.
The Impact of the Development of the Libyan Banking System on Economic Growth
The study aimed to identify the impact of the development of the Libyan banking system on economic growth during the period (1990–2023). This was carried out through an econometric analysis based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model. The model was constructed using an equation that includes one dependent variable real GDP (as an indicator of economic growth and three key independent variables: total deposits, total domestic liquidity, and the number of branches and agencies. In this study, the time series data were analyzed using the statistical software EViews 12, and the logarithmic form of the time series variables was applied for the period (1990–2023), The results of the econometric analysis confirmed all the study hypotheses, revealing a positive and statistically significant relationship between the development of the banking system and economic growth in Libya. Specifically, bank deposits, domestic liquidity, and the number of branches and agencies all had a significant effect on real GDP, emphasizing the vital role of the banking sector in stimulating economic activity.The study concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is expanding the number of banks and their branches to increase the volume of bank deposits and strengthen liquidity levels.
Ibrahim Masoud Ibrahim Masoud Al-Farjani
Research paper entitled: "The Jurisdiction of Ordinary Courts concerning Municipal Council Electoral Appeals: Libya as a Model"
This research aims to demonstrate the role of the ordinary judiciary in protecting the electoral process for municipal councils, through adjudicating disputes and appeals related to it, given its significant and effective role in achieving local development and enhancing electoral participation. Municipal election appeals are the practical legal procedures through which interested parties and those with standing can review decisions and procedures related to municipal council elections for correction in the event of a dispute. In Libya, these appeals are subject to strict timeframes and are subject to the ordinary judiciary to decide them with a final ruling as quickly as possible. The judge of the district court within whose territorial jurisdiction the electoral district is located has the right to examine the relevant procedures and facts, and his authority to consider is not limited to the formal aspect only. As a result of the above, and since the deadlines for considering electoral appeals are short, we urge the Commission Council to reorganize them with specific periods not exceeding a total of thirty days, and not less than seven days in a single procedure, especially since this type of dispute may require the appointment of an expert to clarify and explain some information and multiple sessions. In order to combine speed and accuracy, and so that the rulings issued in these appeals are sound, we recommend that the Libyan legislator establish a special judicial circuit in each primary court with three judges to adjudicate these appeals in order to ensure accuracy in them, especially since the combination of multiple expertise leads to a sound and rational ruling, and eliminates the possibility of error, as a result of thorough discussion and consideration of viewpoints.
Digital Freedom of Expression of International Criminal Judges and the Impact of Online Conduct on the Presumption of Judicial Impartiality: A Study in Light of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and International Judicial Ethics
This research examines the impact of judges’ digital conduct on the standard of judicial impartiality in light of the rapid expansion of social media and digital communication technologies. The study aims to analyze the relationship between judges’ freedom of expression and the requirements of judicial impartiality, with particular reference to the legal framework governing judicial independence and recusal under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The research adopts an analytical approach through the examination of international legal instruments regulating judicial conduct and independence, as well as a comparative approach by reviewing selected judicial practices from different legal systems concerning judges’ use of social media. The study further explores the emerging challenges posed by digital platforms and assesses whether online interactions by judges may give rise to a reasonable apprehension of bias. It concludes that while judges retain their fundamental right to freedom of expression, the exercise of this right in digital environments must be balanced with the obligation to preserve both the reality and the appearance of judicial impartiality. The research recommends the development of clearer international guidelines regulating judges’ digital behavior, particularly within international judicial institutions such as the International Criminal Court.
The different management roles during the design phases of a new product in industrial engineering colleges in one of the European Union countries
This paper presents a real-world case study of micro-project-based learning, encompassing the design, development, marketing, and supply chain management phases of a new product within a classroom setting. This MotoStudent project, a university competition involving 17 teams comprising over 200 students from industrial engineering faculties across Spain, aimed to produce the best project in motorcycle design, development, and management. The results also highlighted the pivotal roles of the students in ensuring operational efficiency, it is emphasized that the cognitive outputs of this educational method are equivalent to those used in traditional learning methods.
The effect of Nano-phosphorus on growth indicators of four soybeans Cultivars (Glycine max L.)
An experiment was conducted at the Grain Crop Technology Laboratory, Department of Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Omar Al-Mukhtar University during the 2023 season using a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of Nano-phosphorus spraying on growth indicators of four soybean cultivars (Glycine max L.) at a concentration of 1 cm/L from a one molar solution. Seeds were planted in 3 kg pots with 10 seeds per pot and three replicates per treatment. Results showed significant improvement in growth traits due to Nano-phosphorus treatment, which recorded the highest values for plant height (23.287 cm), root length (6.84 cm), plant weight (4.525 g), crop growth rate (0.3060 g/day), leaf area (3436 mm²), number of leaves (6.00 leaves/plant), and total chlorophyll content (1.191 mg/g tissue) compared with the control treatment. The Land cultivar showed superiority in plant height (20.425 cm), leaf area (2868 mm²), and chlorophyll content (1.106 mg/g tissue), while Giza 111 recorded the highest plant weight (4.525 g), root length (6.22 cm), and crop growth rate (0.3429 g/day).
A Generalized Extreme Value Naïve Bayes Framework for Classifying Univariate Extreme Value
This paper aims to develop a model that predicts the class of extreme values by utilizing the Naïve Bayes algorithm and employing statistical models from Extreme Value Theory (EVT). It aligns with recent interests in creating innovative algorithms that integrate both machine learning (ML) and EVT. The model is developed using simulated data, and the experimental results demonstrate significant performance, achieving an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.98, along with an AUC of 0.97. The MATLAB software package is used to model and implement the proposed algorithm, which establishes a classification rule for determining the class of extreme values.
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Solution of Abel's Integral Equation By Using Sawi Integral Transform
In this work, we introduce a new application for solving a singular integral equation; specifically, Abel's integral equation of the first type using Sawi integral transform. We provide a number of examples of demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested approach. Results indicate that, the Sawi integral transformation is a very helpful and efficient integration tool for solving and simplifying this type of integral equation.
Effect of Chemical Inducers and Fungicides on Powdery Mildew ((Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei)Disease and Yield Traits of Two Barley Cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, is a major biotic threat to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in arid and semi-arid regions. This study assessed four chemical inducers (salicylic acid, oxalic acid, tannic acid, and benzothiazole) and two fungicides (mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl [Topsin-M70%]) for their efficacy in reducing disease severity and enhancing yield traits in two barley cultivars (‘Areg’ and ‘Wady Bargoge’) under Libyan field conditions. The RCBD experiment with three replications included foliar applications at heading and ten days later. Results showed that benzothiazole was the most effective, markedly lowering disease severity and incidence while improving grain yield and related traits. The Areg cultivar exhibited higher responsiveness than Wady Bargoge, whereas Topsin-M70% showed the weakest effect. Findings highlight benzothiazole’s potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional fungicides and its integration into eco-friendly disease management systems.
Comprehensive Review of the Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Ecological Relevance of Artemisia herba-alba
Artemisia herba-alba is a perennial aromatic plant common in arid and semi-arid regions and known for its medicinal, ecological, and industrial importance. This review presents updated insights into its phytochemical profile, essential oils, biological activities, and adaptive physiology. The essential oils are rich in monoterpenes such as 1,8-cineole, camphor, thujone, and borneol, showing strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Phenolic compounds enhance antioxidant and allelopathic functions, influencing seed germination and enzymatic regulation. Recent studies have revealed eco-friendly uses, including corrosion inhibition and natural insecticidal effects. Physiological and biochemical assessments confirm drought tolerance through osmoprotective accumulation of sugars and proline and activation of antioxidant enzymes. Molecular analyses using ISSR, RAPD, and DNA barcoding show high genetic diversity linked to ecological and geographical variations. Further integration of omics technologies and applied studies will advance the pharmacological, ecological, and economic utilization of this species.
Invivo study to demonstrate the therapeutic role of 1,8-Cineole in respiratory disorders
Eucalyptol also known as 1,8-Cineole is a monoterpenoid compound that occurs in the essential OIls of leaves of various species belonging to different families, including Eucalyptus, Rosemary & Bay Laurel. Due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, expectorant, analgesic, and other activities, this compound has attracted much attention. 1,8-Cineole has a large therapeutic potential use, such as respiratory treatments, pain relief and in aromatherapy. Lobelia has found widespread use in medicinal preparations as an adjunct in relieving air-passage restrictions and in assisting with mucus expulsion in the management of asthma, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Additionally, the antinociceptive properties of 1,8-Cineole provide an alternative mechanism of pain relief that is less reliant on established pathways of pain hypersensitization which have shown efficacy across numerous preclinical and clinical pain paradigms in addition to peripheral central sensitization in a host of pain models.
The Future of Solar Energy in Libya: Reality, Challenges and Future Opportunities
Solar energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources with significant potential to achieve environmental and economic sustainability, due to its role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. This study aims to explore citizens’ perspectives on the future of solar energy in Libya, focusing on their awareness of its benefits and the challenges to its adoption. The study targeted a sample of high school, university, and postgraduate degree holders in western Libya during the Fall semester of 2024, with data collected through an online questionnaire. The results indicate that more than half of the participants are unaware of a clear governmental plan to adopt solar energy, while most believe that the government may begin implementing it within 10–15 years, provided that adequate infrastructure and investments are in place. The majority also expressed willingness to use solar energy in their homes if incentives and governmental support were available. The study concludes that Libya possesses natural conditions that could make it a leading country in solar energy utilization; however, achieving this requires supportive policies, infrastructure development, increased public awareness, and overcoming economic and technical barriers.
A Multidisciplinary Risk Assessment of Pressure Vessel Integrity and Hazardous Area Classification in n-Heptane Handling Operations
This multidisciplinary study assesses risks in a high-pressure vessel storing flammable n-heptane. Using failure diagrams, corrosion modeling, and hazard zoning, it provides a holistic safety evaluation. Results show structural integrity is highly pressure-sensitive, with 60 MPa causing near-critical stress versus safe operation at 30 MPa. Corrosion modeling predicted a 0.92 mm wall loss over 20 years, remaining within safety limits. Vapor dispersion ranged from 2.99–13.86 m, informing electrical and ventilation designs. The research underscores integrating engineering disciplines for predictive safety strategies and promotes inherent safety over add-on measures.
The impact of external auditors' practice of electronic auditing on the detection of financial fraud (Field study on Libyan external auditors)
This study aims to identify the impact of external auditors' use of electronic auditing techniques on detecting financial fraud, while examining the interactive role of both their awareness of forensic accounting skills and their understanding of the basic ethical principles of forensic accounting service providers. A descriptive–analytical approach was adopted, and data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 110 external auditors in Libya, of which 100 valid responses were analyzed using Smart PLS 4.1. The results revealed that electronic auditing has a significant and positive effect on fraud detection, highlighting it as the most influential factor. Forensic accounting skills also showed a positive and statistically significant effect, though with a smaller impact, whereas ethical principles did not demonstrate a direct significant relationship with fraud detection. The model explained 23.3% of the variance in fraud detection, indicating a moderate explanatory power. Based on these findings, the study recommends strengthening the adoption of electronic auditing technologies, organizing specialized training programs in forensic accounting skills, enhancing accounting curricula to integrate electronic auditing and forensic accounting, and revising professional codes of ethics to link them with practical applications.
The Effect of Dry Baker’s Yeast Extract on Enhancing Plant Growth, Delaying Senescence, and the Quantitative Determination of Vital Vitamins in the Flowers of Celosia argentea L. Using HPLC
This study evaluated the effect of dry baker’s yeast extract on the growth performance and essential oil content of Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae) flowers, along with the quantification of biologically active vitamins using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Seeds of C. piumosa were cultivated in a greenhouse at the College of Environment and Natural Resources, and plants were treated by foliar spraying with yeast extract at concentrations of 4, 8, 12, and 16 g/L, in addition to control plants sprayed with distilled water. Plants were grown until seed formation, and vegetative and floral parameters including stem length, number of leaves and branches, number and length of inflorescences, leaf area, total chlorophyll, seed weight, and essential oil yield were recorded. The results revealed significant improvements in most traits under yeast extract treatments. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from leaves (25 ml) and flowers (16 ml). Regarding vitamins, niacin (B3) exhibited the highest content at 14.74 µg/g, followed by pantothenic acid, then vitamin B2 at 49.2% of the standard. Vitamin B1 reached 7.63 µg/g, while vitamin C (ascorbic acid) showed the lowest content at 42.7% of the standard. The study concludes that dry yeast extract plays an effective role in promoting plant growth and enhancing the accumulation of essential oils and vital vitamins in C. argentea.
The ICAO’s Ability to Ensuring Air Navigation Safety in Conflict Zones in Middle East
This study explores how regional wars affect ICAO’s ability to ensure navigation safety during wars, using the Iran-Israel regional war as a case study. Drawing on theories from international relations and politics, the research examines political and military actions shape and limit the ICAO’s ability to enforce safety standards. Despite ICAO’s progress in improving safety, there is still a gap in literature that integrate international law, political motives, and aviation regulations into a unified analytical approach. Methodology, the research uses qualitative analysis of the case supported by secondary data from several sources. We observe that regional wars frequently surpass ICAO’s capacity to maintain aviation safety, thereby endangering global air navigation. The study also underscores ICAO’s limited enforcement authority, raising key questions about aviation governance. The conclusion is that effective air navigation safety in regional wars requires stronger ICAO’s enforcement of safety standards and political commitment. This paper advocates for practical measures, such as enhanced ICAO collaboration during crises and the establishment of an aviation taskforce to assist the ICAO to implement safety standards and protocols.
Assessment of the Quality of Rainwater Collected by Roman Wells in Umm Saad Municipality
The study area, Umm Saad, is located in eastern Libya, approximately 130 kilometers east of Tobruk. The local population relies on rainwater harvesting and groundwater as sources of drinking water and for agricultural purposes. This study aimed to assess the quality of water collected from Roman wells in the area by comparing it with local and international standards, including those of the World Health Organization and Libyan standards to ensure consumer safety. Physical, chemical, and microbial analyses were conducted on water samples taken from eight Roman wells. The analyses included the estimation of cations (Ca++, Na++, Mg++, K+) and anions (NO3-, H2CO3-, Cl-, SO4--), as well as measurements of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness (TH). The results showed that the water from these wells meets the physical and chemical standards for drinking water. However, microbial analyses revealed the presence of high levels of coliform bacteria in some wells, particularly wells 5, 7, and 8, making them non-compliant with both local and international drinking water standards, posing a health risk to consumers.
Efficient use of agricultural land resources for the production of some vegetable crops in Libya Case study of Al-Qubbah Municipality during the 2021-2022 season
Despite the importance of land resources for all agricultural economic activities, this resource has not been optimally exploited in Libya for the production of various agricultural crops. The results of the study indicate, through descriptive analysis, that 50% of farmers hold a university qualification and 50% hold a qualification between intermediate and can read and write. It was also shown that all farmers are abandoning plant activity. The quantitative analysis also showed that there is economic efficiency for the land resource in producing the cucumber crop for the municipality of Al-Qubba, considering that the production elasticity is greater than the correct unit. The results of the study also showed that there is no economic efficiency for the land resource to produce tomatoes and dry onions, given that the production elasticity is less than the correct unit for each of them, as it amounted to about. 0.318, 0.205 respectively. The study recommended working to support the agricultural sector by providing production requirements and granting agricultural loans of all kinds. Paying attention to training and developing agricultural labor so that the available elements of agricultural production can be used efficiently. Drawing up an agricultural economic policy for crop structure that ensures the efficient use of productive elements and also ensures that agricultural labor does not migrate to work in other sectors.
The genius of Imam Bukhari and his innovations in classification
The researcher demonstrated a large part of Imam Al-Bukhari's innovations and his genius in selecting his works on faith, Sharia, and ethics. He also demonstrated and discussed the justifications and explanations of some of those interested in his heritage and his actions in his works in general, and his collection in particular. The result was the validity of what was attributed to him of these justifications, which truly demonstrates that he was a genius. He explained that he was an imam who had made an effort to classify weak narrators, and that he had collected the pillars of religion from the authentic Sunnah in various books, and that he had a methodology for absorbing the opposition, and that he had great caution in narration, transmission, and explanation. The conclusion was that he was a brilliant and innovative imam, without a doubt, and anyone who attacked him did not know him or his works. Had he known him, he would have been fair, except for those who were enemies of the religion.
The Permissibility of Accusative the Described Definite Singular Vocative with Intent and Addressing
This research addresses a key issue within the vocative construction, an important grammatical structure frequently used in daily speech when summoning or calling someone for any purpose—whether literally or figuratively. This structure is one of the features that distinguish the Arabic language from others, enhancing its beauty and flexibility in addressing others according to context and situation. It serves as a specific and powerful expressive implement in various forms of communication, fostering effective interaction and eliciting appropriate responses while conveying emotions, respect, and appreciation. The specific issue examined here is the permissibility of declining the described definite singular vocative when used with intent and addressing. The researchers explore this issue and its related sub-topics, such as the differing opinions among grammarians regarding the reason for declension in the case of proper nouns and indefinite nouns that are addressed (where definiteness is established through addressing or an implied omitted article). The study presents the views of various grammarians, their disagreements, and the evidence they cite to support their positions.