A peer-reviewed scientific periodical journal concerne with publishing scientific research in the field of humanities and social sciences, contributing to creating opportunities for research competition among researchers and academics and enriching the world of knowledge dissemination. It is issued by the Faculty of Arts, University of Sirte, Libya twice a year, in March and September. It bears legal deposit number 393/2015, and the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 2518 5985.
Technology Proficiency Gaps in Language Teaching: Teachers' Challenges and Students' Achievement
The results of the study indicate that the main challenges respondents face when integrating technology into language teaching include limited access to digital devices, poor internet connectivity, insufficient training and technical support, and time constraints. Notably, 61.89% of respondents either disagreed or strongly disagreed that they had received sufficient training, while only 23.8% reported feeling adequately trained. The data further reveal a clear disconnect between teachers’ individual willingness to use technology and the level of institutional readiness. Although educators demonstrate a positive attitude toward integrating technology, their efforts are constrained by inadequate professional training, frequent technical problems, and insufficient institutional support.
Analyzed the environmental factors affecting cotton production in the Middle Chari region of Chad (2002–2022)
The research aimed at addressing the relationship between environmental factors and cotton yield productivity, identifying cultivation areas, and developing practical recommendations to improve production and reduce negative environmental and social impacts. The research adopted descriptive-analytical, historical, ecological, and crop approach. This included spatial analysis using geographical information systems (ArcGIS 10.8.1) to map spatial suitability and variability, and statistical analysis of time series using SPSS software to estimate the impact of variables and measure their correlation. The research also used a field survey and a questionnaire of a sample of (90 farmers), interviews, field observations, and soil samples for physical and chemical testing, in addition to secondary data from climate records, agricultural production data, and satellite images. The results showed a strong positive correlation between climate stability (precipitation and humidity) and cotton productivity (r = 1.00, p ≤ 0.001), with low humidity and rainfall variability representing (52.2%) of environmental production constraints. Mechanization, scientific methods, improved seeds and agricultural practices increased productivity by (52%), while adherence to crop rotation and agricultural extension programs increased productivity by up to (98%) on the farms where they were implemented. Soil characteristics were responsible for 67% of crop growth delays, while pests caused (47%) of losses as a result of weak integrated pest management systems. The environmental assessment of the industry revealed negative impacts associated with the activities of the Chad Cotton Company, with high emissions indicators and waste management issues. Spatial analysis revealed clear productivity gaps in areas far from the Chari River basin, while socio-economic results showed low farmer incomes and high operating costs, calling for supportive financial and social interventions. Based on these findings, the research recommends establishing an integrated rainfall and water monitoring network linked to an early warning system to support agricultural planning, implementing an intensive agricultural extension program to promote crop rotation, adopting biopesticides, and applying integrated pest management systems.
Academic social adaptation among a sample of foreign students at Libyan universities"Field study on foreign students at Ajdabiya University"
This study aims to identify the reality of social and academic adaptation among foreign students in Libyan universities, in addition to analyzing the differences in adaptation levels according to several demographic and cultural variables. The study is classified as quantitative research, and the survey method was employed using a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The sample consisted of (85) participants selected through a stratified proportional random sampling method. The reliability coefficient of the instrument reached (0.912), while the validity coefficient was (0.954), indicating a high level of reliability and validity. The findings revealed that foreign students in Libyan universities do not fully achieve adequate levels of social and academic adaptation, suggesting the existence of significant challenges in both areas. The results also showed statistically significant differences at the (0.05) significance level in social adaptation according to nationality and cultural awareness variables, with a moderate effect size. Likewise, statistically significant differences were found at the same significance level in academic adaptation according to nationality, student grade, and cultural awareness variables, also with a moderate effect size. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed in either social or academic adaptation according to gender and income variables.
Teachers' Role in Developing Students ' Academic Skills: A field Study on Some Secondary Schools Teachers in al-Marj City
The study aimed to investigate the teacher role in developing students' academic skills. To achieve this, the descriptive approach was used, and the research population consisted of secondary schools in the city of Al-Marj (New Thought School, New Generation School, Abdul Aziz School, Al-Zahraa School). The research was conducted on a random sample of (200) male and female teachers in secondary schools in the city of Al-Marj. The study's findings revealed the teacher has an important role in developing students' academic skills, as s/he is the one who provides the opportunity to deal with students in a fraternal manner based on respect and appreciation between the teacher and the student. It fosters trust and respect among classmates, and this mutual trust and respect among students contributes to the success of the educational process within the school. It also helps the teacher develop learning and study skills by employing diverse methods to deliver information and the prescribed curriculum. This, in turn, varies between male and female teachers according to several variables measured in the study.
The Outputs of Tourism Education and Requirements in Labor Market: An Analytical Study in the Department of Tourism Studies at the Faculty of Tourism and Archaeology - Sousse
This study examines the outcomes of tourism education and the requirements of the labor market from the perspectives of graduates and faculty members in the Department of Tourism Studies at the Faculty of Tourism and Archaeology in Sousse. The study aims to identify the current state of tourism education in the country in general and at the Faculty of Tourism and Archaeology in particular, as well as to highlight the role of existing educational programs in narrowing the gap between educational outcomes and labor market requirements. The significance of the study lies in the fact that developing academic outputs and supporting decision-makers in the academic and tourism sectors in improving training programs, in addition to the tourism importance of the city of Sousse. The study includes both a theoretical and a methodological framework and adopts the descriptive–analytical approach as well as the historical method. The findings revealed that a scarcity of training programs, limited available resources, an overall moderate level of educational outcomes, the employment of 67% of graduates outside their field of specialization, and a noticeable deficiency in skills, particularly language skills. The study concludes with some recommendations for the need for graduates to enhance their training and to be employed in fields related to their specialization, as well as recommendations for faculty members and researchers, mainly increasing the applied aspects of the educational process and developing graduates’ skills, among others.
A Textual Grammar Approach to ʿUbayd ibn al-Abras’s Dāliyya Poem
This study examines a Daliyya poem by the pre-Islamic poet ʿUbayd ibn al-Abras through the lens of Text Linguistics, aiming to identify the textuality criteria and cohesion devices that contributed to the poem’s coherence. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the poem was divided into three major textual structures, allowing for a comprehensive, non-fragmented analysis. Findings reveal that the first structure, centered on nostalgic reflection at deserted abodes and love imagery, featured strong intertextuality alongside cohesive devices such as repetition, ellipsis, syntactic linkage, and reference. The second structure, focusing on the poet’s self-praise, was characterized by various forms of repetition, pronouns, conditional clauses, and collocation. The third structure, dedicated to wisdom and contemplation, was marked by the criterion of informativeness through directive speech acts, as well as substitution and phonological rhythm. The study highlights that both exact and partial repetition were among the most prominent cohesive tools in the poem, and that the text demonstrated high acceptability in terms of coherence and unity, reflecting the poet’s mastery in employing linguistic and textual strategies. The research recommends further exploration of repetition and situationality in pre-Islamic poetry, particularly in the works of ʿUbayd ibn al-Abras.
Drug Abuse Phenomenon: Causes, Effects, and Prevention Methods: A Field Study on some Students from the Faculty of Education, Azzaytuna University.
This study investigated university students' awareness regarding the causes, harms, and prevention methods of drug abuse, considering gender and academic specialization. Using an analytical descriptive method, a questionnaire was administered to a proportional stratified sample of (84) students from the Faculty of Education (Humanities, Languages, Basic Sciences). Results revealed high awareness of bad peer influence, weak religious commitment, and family breakdown as key causes, with variations by gender and specialization. The findings revealed that students showed good awareness of psychological and social harms, particularly depression and behavioral deviation. They acknowledged the preventive role of media campaigns, student activities, and family engagement. The study suggested some recommendations include strengthening university prevention programs, activating student counseling, intensifying awareness campaigns via media, and involving families and educational institutions.
Change of Values among Women in Libyan Universities: A Field Study on some Libyan Female Academics at the University of Sirte
The study aimed to identify value changes among Libyan female academics in Libyan universities and to determine whether statistically significant differences exist in their value systems. Using a descriptive methodology, data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS program. The study population consisted of 260 female faculty members at the University of Sirte, from which a random sample of 120 participants was selected. Results showed that social values and values of freedom and equality were accepted at a moderate level, while economic values and work values recorded a high level of acceptance, reflecting a positive orientation toward professional and economic aspects. The main hypothesis, indicating statistically significant differences in value change among Libyan female academics, was confirmed. The study recommended preserving positive values, promoting constructive criticism of ideas inconsistent with societal norms, and benefiting from positive changes in economic and work values through policies that support professional empowerment.
Assessing the Supervisory Procedures of the Central Bank of Libya over Commercial Banks and their Effectiveness in Enhancing the Banking Security Level
This study aims to assess the supervisory procedures and oversight measures implemented by the Central Bank of Libya for commercial banks, as well as to verify their effectiveness in reducing banking risks. To achieve this objective, the study adopted a deductive approach in designing the study plan and its hypotheses. The procedural approach, based on a field survey strategy, was also employed. Data was collected using a questionnaire distributed to all Libyan commercial banks. The results revealed that the surveyed commercial banks adhere to and receive both desk-based and field-based supervisory procedures issued by the Central Bank. These results were statistically significant. Furthermore, the study's findings strongly suggest the importance of the Central Bank's supervisory procedures for commercial banks in mitigating various banking risks. The study recommended further efforts to develop the information technology infrastructure and communication networks of banks, which would help the central bank implement the necessary regulatory and supervisory measures over commercial banks to protect them from potential banking risks.
The Impact of Climate Change on Population Movement: A case Study in Al- Nehoud District from the year 2000 to 2021
The study aimed to identify the reasons leading to population mobility towards Al-Nahoud district as well as to explore the relationship between climate change and the expansion of urban centers, and the impact of climate fluctuations on urban growth. The study also sought to determine the relationship between fluctuations in rainfall rates, rising temperatures, and the decrease in biomass in agricultural, animal, and forest sectors, in addition to identifying optimal strategies to reduce population mobility towards the locality. To achieve these objectives, the researchers employed the historical, descriptive, and statistical analytical approaches, and used various data collection methods, including observation, personal interviews, and secondary sources such as books, journals, reports, and relevant websites. The study revealed that the decline and fragmentation of tree cover during the period (2000-2021), which affected plant diversity, and a noticeable change in crop productivity due to rainfall variability and rising temperatures. Environmental degradation and pressure on natural resources also contributed to population mobility towards urban centers, leading to the expansion of urban centers in Al-Nahoud in response to the increasing population. Based on these findings, the study has suggested some recommendations, including: strengthening the role of institutions and voluntary organizations to reduce the effects of climate change on rural populations, promoting the cultivation of crops adapted to low rainfall rates to reduce forced migration, and managing urban expansion according to sustainable urban planning to meet the increasing needs of the population.
The impact of artificial intelligence applications on the development of the accounting profession: A case study on the Libyan Iron and Steel Company – Misrata
The aim of this study is to examine the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing financial accounting practices within the Libyan Iron and Steel Company. To achieve this objective, the study employed a structured questionnaire distributed randomly to 35 employees working in financial departments, of which 34 valid responses were returned and analyzed. The findings revealed a statistically significant effect of AI awareness on the development of financial accounting practices, indicating that higher levels of knowledge and understanding of AI tools positively influence employees’ ability to adopt and apply these technologies. The results also confirmed that artificial intelligence contributes effectively to improving the accuracy, speed, and overall quality of accounting processes within the company. However, the study identified several technical, human, and administrative challenges—such as limited technological infrastructure, insufficient training, and resistance to change that impede the broader integration of AI in the accounting environment. The study recommends increasing awareness and training programs on artificial intelligence for financial employees, investing in modern digital systems and infrastructure that support AI applications, and adopting organizational strategies aimed at overcoming institutional and human barriers. These steps are essential for enabling the company to fully benefit from AI technologies and to enhance the effectiveness, reliability, and future readiness of its financial accounting operations.
The Effect of Rainfall Concentration and Peak on the Cultivation and Production of Barley in the Butnan Region
This study aims to shed light on the main food sources in the world, with a focus on barley, which is one of the most important food crops for animal feed, especially in winter when natural pastures are weak. Local communities rely heavily on wheat as a staple food, which enhances the importance of barley as an alternative in times of scarcity. The study is based on an analysis of climate data from 1980 to 2020, where it was noted that rainfall amounts are concentrated in only three months (December, January, and February), with significant variation in the rest of the months, which poses challenges for farmers. The study also indicates the geographical locations suitable for barley cultivation, as it is concentrated in lowlands known as "Saqayef", which are estimated at 40 thousand hectares, while open areas (70 thousand hectares) show lower productivity due to the high percentage of salts. Saqayef grains have more fertile soil, where water collects with rain, and this type of Saqayef extends from Tobruk to Ain Ghazala. The study concludes with recommendations to improve barley cultivation and enhance the sustainability of food sources.
Planning and Development of Traffic and Vehicles on the Main and Secondary Transport Roads in the city of Al-Qasim and its Spatial Trends for 2025
The research aims to find out the efficiency of spatial roads in terms of their lengths, traffic density and directions, which can contribute to improving the quality and efficiency of the transport and traffic sector, reducing its problems, time management and reducing the waiting period. There are many indicators that can be relied upon to address transportation road problems, and accordingly, it is clear from the research that the center of the district of Al-Qasim formed an area of about (43,394) km2 of the area of Babil province, which is (5333 km2), and its population is about (92,613), while the lengths of roads amounted to about (30,933) vehicles / hour, there is a disparity according to the standard of traffic density according to the above variables, reaching about (0.33) Vehicle / Nessma and the traffic density amounted to (0.236) (vehicle / hectare) and that the neighborhoods located on the main roads Al-Hal-Diwaniyah accounted for (46%), while the neighborhoods located on the secondary roads accounted for (34%) of the city of Al-Qasim. This provides an evidence of the existence of an interconnected and integrated network of main and secondary transport roads, which achieves spatial integration between neighborhoods in the city of Al-Qasim.
Palestinian Teachers’ Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence in Lesson Planning and Assessment During Educational Crises
This study aims to explore Palestinian teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) in lessons planning and assessment during educational crises. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, conducting interviews with 20 teachers who were purposefully selected because they possessed direct experience in teaching during educational crises. The sample included male and female teachers from various subject areas (Arabic, Mathematics, Science, Islamic Education, and English), and from multiple educational levels (lower basic and upper basic). The results indicated that teachers view AI as a supportive tool that facilitates the preparation of flexible lesson plans accommodating individual differences, and enhances assessment processes through electronic tests, automated grading, and immediate feedback. The study also highlighted challenges such as weak digital infrastructure, limited teacher expertise, and the lack of sufficient Arabic educational content. Based on these findings, the study recommends training teachers to use AI tools effectively, developing local educational platforms, strengthening digital infrastructure, and ensuring the protection of students’ data privacy.
Israeli Settlement Policies and their Impact on Controlling Energy Resources in Palestine: A Study on Gas and Oil Fields
The research aims to highlight the implications of Israeli settlement policies and their impact on controlling energy resources in Palestine, especially with regard to natural gas and oil discoveries in the West Bank and the Marine field in the Gaza Strip. These policies constitute an extension of a colonial settlement project that goes beyond its demographic and geographic dimensions, reaching a strategic economic dimension that is represented by plundering the wealth of the Palestinian people and depriving them of it in order to achieve the future Palestinian state. The study revealed several important conclusions, including: the existence of a strong organic relationship between the Israeli settlement project and control over energy resources, where settlement is used as a tool to create facts on the ground that prevent any Palestinian control over these resources. Moreover, the Israeli entity’s control over the Marine field in the Gaza Strip and other resources puts it in a position of strength in any future negotiations, and makes the two-state solution conditional on its will alone, unless this equation is broken through effective legal and international pressure.
The Impact of the Declining of Rainfall on the Sedimentary Budget of the Libyan Coastal Valleys Stretching from the Mouths of Wadi al-Raml to Wadi Ghanima (North-West of Libya)
External drainage valleys constitute the most important main pillars for confronting the imbalance of dynamic balances in coastal areas through the sediments and debris they supply to their outlets, which reduce the erosion and drift of beaches and thus their stability. However, the sediment load of continental valleys depends in turn on several factors, the most important of which are: climate fluctuations in addition to other factors such as geology and topography. The studied area is the Libyan coast extending between the outlets of Wadi Al-Raml and Wadi Ghanima, which is penetrated by several valleys, some of which have managed to reach the sea. They differ in their length and the width of their basins, which is reflected in the amount of water flow and thus in the load and transport of sediments. The research aims to identify the changes that occurred in the environment of the valleys sloping from the eastern part of the Western Mountain and to identify the natural factors affecting them and resulting from the decrease in the amounts of rainwater and its flow in those valleys and the characteristics of their current geomorphological development, as well as to determine their role in the amount and size of their transport of sediments and debris to their outlets and thus the extent of their contribution to the stability of the studied coastline by comparing and analyzing aerial photographs and satellite images taken from Google Earth at different dates and the available geological and topographic maps and digital elevation models (DEM); in order to draw and compare the coastline and produce maps that determine its status in terms of stability or change to understand the current geomorphological dynamics. To achieve the research objectives, the descriptive analytical approach was used and a number of field visits were made to examine the current situation.
Prosodic choices in al-Athari’s work on the al-mujtalab circle, a critical prosodic analysis
Abu Sa'id al-Aathari occupies a high scholarly position among the scholars in the eighth century AH. He was a versatile scholar with significant contributions to various fields of Islamic and Arabic knowledge, particularly Hadith and prosody. Al-Athari authored a book on prosody, sourcing his data from diverse sources. He compiled a differing opinions of many scholars of the field of prosody, and arranged them elegantly in a book he titled "al-Wajhul Jamil fi ilm al-Khalil", sometimes he use to chooses an opinion, favouring it over another, and at other times he opposes and discusses opinions without favouring one over another. This paper, in particular, addresses the prosodic choices made by al-Athari regarding the issues discussed by scholars within the circle of al-Mujtalab: al-Harj, al-Rajaz, and al-Raml. This circle is one of the most contentious in terms of its issues and nature, as it encompasses the meter of al-Rajul, whose status within poetry is subject to varying degrees of respect.
The Problem of Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean:The Libyan–Turkish Memorandum of Understanding as a Case Study An Analysis in Light of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982
This research seeks to examine the problem of maritime boundary delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean region, focusing on the Memorandum of Understanding between Libya and Turkey (2019) as an applied case study, in light of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and relevant international judicial precedents. The study aims to analyze the extent to which this Memorandum complies with international rules, highlight its legal implications for the rights of neighboring states, and propose peaceful mechanisms for dispute settlement. The core issue of the research revolves around the compatibility of the Libyan–Turkish Memorandum of Understanding on maritime boundary delimitation with the rules and principles of the international law of the sea, and the resulting legal effects on the rights of neighboring states in the Eastern Mediterranean. To address this, the research adopts a descriptive methodology to present the legal framework and an analytical methodology to examine the Memorandum and judicial precedents. The study is structured as follows: Section One: The Legal Framework for Maritime Boundary Delimitation; Section Two: The Libyan–Turkish Memorandum of Understanding and its Legal Implications. The research concludes that the Memorandum raises significant legal challenges, particularly regarding the disregard for the effect of islands and the consideration of the rights of neighboring states. Furthermore, its conclusion occurred under constitutional and political circumstances that undermine its full legitimacy. The study emphasizes the necessity of resorting to the peaceful mechanisms stipulated in international law, with a focus on the principle of equity as a basis for achieving a just and stable resolution in the region.
Libyan–Turkish Memorandum of Understanding,
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Sports Arena (palaestra) in the city of Greater Lebda
The palaestra (athletic arena) in Leptis Magna is a significant architectural structure that reflects a fundamental aspect of social and physical life in the Roman city. The palaestra served as a dedicated space for athletic activities and physical training, such as wrestling, running, and fitness exercises, aligning with Roman thought, which placed great importance on the integration of body and mind. Architecturally, the ballestra in Leptis Magna was an open arena, often rectangular in shape, surrounded by arcades and columns, and frequently connected to other structures such as thermal baths. This demonstrates the integration of athletic, health, and social functions. This connection highlights the cultural role of the ballestra as a center for social interaction, not merely a place for sports.
Spatial Analysis of Surface Features Variations and Rainfall and their Impact on Some Characteristics of Groundwater Wells in the City of Al-Bayda
This study aims to analyze the spatial variability of topography and rainfall and their impacts on selected groundwater well characteristics, particularly depth and productivity, in Al-Bayda City, northeastern Libya. The research integrates field data from 71 groundwater wells with Digital Elevation Model (ASTER) data and rainfall records, employing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques. Advanced spatial and statistical tools were applied, including Nearest Neighbor Analysis, Standard Distance, Directional Distribution, and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). The results reveal a largely random spatial distribution of wells, with noticeable concentration within the urban core. Topographic characteristics show significant spatial variation in elevation, slope, topographic roughness, and wetness indices. The GWR model demonstrated high explanatory power, accounting for approximately 81% of the spatial variability in well depth and 86% in well productivity. Elevation, rainfall, and the Topographic Wetness Index exhibited positive influences on well productivity, whereas increased topographic roughness and well depth negatively affected productivity. These findings highlight the complex interaction between topographic and climatic factors in controlling groundwater dynamics and emphasize the effectiveness of spatial modeling techniques in supporting sustainable groundwater management in mountainous environments.
Students' Attitudes towards Curriculum Modernization Strategies and their Impact on Improving the Quality of University Education: A Study in the Department of Education & Psychology
The current study aimed to identify the attitudes of students of the Department of Education and Psychology towards strategies for updating curricula and the extent of their impact on improving the quality of university education. The researchers used the descriptive analytical approach, through a survey of the opinions of (150) students from the Department of Education and Psychology at the University of Ajdabiya using a questionnaire to collect information. The results of the study showed that the attitudes of students of the Department of Education and Psychology towards strategies for updating curricula and their impact on improving the quality of university education were positive, and it was also found that there were no statistically significant differences between the arithmetic averages of students' attitudes towards strategies for updating curricula and their impact on improving the quality of university education according to the variables: type, department. A positive effect was also found for students' attitudes towards strategies for updating curricula and their impact on improving the quality of university education.
Using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in Analyzing the Morphometric Properties of Wadi Al-Haniwah Basin
This study aims to analyze the morphometric characteristics of the Wadi Al-Haniwah basin by processing and analyzing Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data extracted from ASTER satellite imagery with a resolution of 30 meters. Geographic Information System (GIS) software was employed to identify and extract the drainage network and classify its order according to the Strahler (1957) classification. Mathematical equations were used to calculate the values ​​of 25 morphometric variables, including area, topographic, and morphological characteristics, in addition to the drainage network characteristics. The study concluded that the Wadi Al-Haniwah basin is a small basin, with an area of ​​approximately 460 km² and a perimeter of 177.01 km. The basin has an elongation of 0.61 and is described as having a medium-coarse texture (9.8 streams/km²) according to Smith's classification, due to the predominance of soft limestone. The hypsometric integration was approximately 0.68, indicating that the basin is still in the early stages of its erosion cycle. The basin's drainage network was classified as sixth-order. First- and second-order streams constituted about 77% of the total number and length of tributaries. The study also revealed a low bifurcation ratio of approximately 1.9 tributaries/km², which resulted in a low drainage density of 2.02 km/km² and a low discharge intensity of 1.86 in/km². This suggests a slow surface runoff response and a delayed peak discharge, thus reducing the likelihood of flash floods.
Consensus According to Ibn al-ʿArabī in His Qur’anic Exegesis Aḥkām al-Qurʾān: An Analytical Comparative Study
This research deals with a comparative analytical study of the method of Imam Abu Bakr ibn Arabi al-Maliki (d. 543 Ah) In the consensus report of his interpretation of the provisions of the Qur'an, in addition to analyzing the formulas of his words and their semantic ranks, and comparing his method with the methods of other interpreters. The research aims at: explaining Ibn Al-Arabi's approach in the consensus report of his interpretation, analyzing the formulas of consensus words and their ranks, and highlighting the methodological differences between him and other interpreters. The importance of the research stems from studying consensus at Ibn Al-Arabi to fill a scientific gap in interpretive studies, and to enrich Quranic studies with a new angle that has not been touched before. The researcher relied on the following approaches: descriptive, analytical, inductive, and comparative. One of the most important results is that he considered that the general agreement without disagreement is considered a valid consensus, and he disregarded the abnormal and dissenting disagreement, which reflects his fundamentalist approach to interpretation and confirms his keenness to control the Quranic understanding according to the rules of consensus.
The Role of Automation in Reducing Challenges of Modern Accounting from the Perspectives of Faculty Members in Accounting Departments at Libyan Universities.
This study aimed to assess the role of automation in addressing modern accounting challenges from the perspective of accounting department faculty members in Libyan universities. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, applying an electronic questionnaire to a sample of 106 faculty members. The results revealed a statistically significant and strong positive impact of automation in addressing the challenge of complex accounting standards (correlation coefficient 0.708), and a moderate impact in adapting to technological developments (0.526), while its impact was weak in integrating artificial intelligence (0.299) and developing skills (0.245). The results also showed no statistically significant relationship between automation and both data security (0.149) and non-financial disclosure requirements (0.129). The study concludes that automation represents an effective solution for technical challenges but requires support through integrated strategies to address security and sustainability-related challenges, thus contributing to a roadmap for digital transformation in the Libyan accounting sector.
Nouakchott City: Urban Dynamics and the Challenges of Management and planning
Nouakchott city was built in a coastal desert environment, and in the search for easy solutions to construct the city’s buildings, the available natural resources were exploited in ways that harmed an already fragile environment – especially the coastal sand belt. The city’s urban area soon became congested, and the urban crisis deepened as the population grew rapidly. Each time Nouakchott attempted to implement a master plan to guide urban growth and define patterns of expansion, it failed to adhere to these plans, allowing the city’s sprawl to develop chaotically. The expansion thus took the form of linear strips extending along the main roads. This situation now requires the intervention of various stakeholders to establish a comprehensive and coherent development strategy capable of overcoming past constraints and shortcomings.
The Realities of Da'wah Discourse: Fundamentals and Obstacles
This research paper addresses the reality of Islamic preaching, which requires reassessment and evaluation of preachers, preaching methods, and the impact of preaching on the hearts of those being addressed. Islamic preaching faces one of the most serious challenges: the intrusion of ideas into Muslim societies that target the religion as a whole, and even extend to targeting sound human nature. Therefore, the reality of Islamic preaching is that it has essential elements. Among these elements is that preachers apply the jurisprudence of priorities in what they address to people, especially regarding matters of faith, starting with the most important and proceeding to the less important. They should avoid secondary, controversial issues, as discussing and raising these issues can cause great harm. Furthermore, they should focus their discourse on negative and reprehensible societal phenomena, not on the individuals who perpetrate or promote them. They should gradually address issues that have become widespread, prevalent, and habitual, as it takes time and effort for people to abandon them. Just as Islamic preaching has its essential elements, it also has obstacles and impediments. One of these is the creation of preachers who are merely employees; preaching is a job before it is a trust and responsibility. Another obstacle is political division within a single country, and what it causes institutional turmoil, casting its shadow on advocacy entities, thus creating ideologically driven preachers. Consequently, advocacy institutions become sects and parties with conflicting advocacy discourse, depending on political orientations. Another obstacle is the emergence of unqualified and unapproved preachers, "social media preachers," who create confusion and mixing up advocacy discourse.
Diagnosing Essay Writing Errors: Causes and Student-Perceived Efficacy to Error Analysis Techniques in Enhancing Their Essay Writing Skills
As essay writing skills are considered important in the academic setting, enhancing them by using appropriate techniques is crucial. This study aims to explore the types of errors made by undergraduates when writing academic essays and to identify the causes of these errors using error analysis techniques. The study also aims to investigate the effectiveness of using these techniques on improving students’ essay writing skills through their perceptions towards these techniques. To collect data, a mixed- methods approach was employed, combining a pre-test and post-test [Comment: Good use of comparative data. Consider discussing if the time span between tests might affect performance. Written essay tasks and assignments, and a questionnaire of two parts; the first is to identify the causes of errors, and the second is to investigate the effectiveness of error analysis techniques. The results obtained from this study indicated that organization, style, mechanics, and grammar were the most common error types committed by students. The results also presented that the students perceive a wide range of factors contributing to their writing errors, with vocabulary limitations being the most prominent. The consistently high ratings across all statements suggest that those students have a nuanced understanding of the various elements that influence their writing accuracy. Additionally, it was investigated that students perceived error analysis techniques as highly effective in improving their writing skills. The consistently high ratings across most aspects of writing suggest that these techniques were perceived as broadly beneficial to students' writing development.
An Analysis of Vegetation Cover Degradation as an Indicator of Desertification in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Region
This study aimed to analyze the climate classification of the Jabal Akhdar region in Libya and monitor vegetation density deterioration as a desertification indicator across three models: Köppen, Emberger, and Thornthwaite. Remote sensing data from Landsat 5 and Sentinel-2B (2000-2024) were processed using GIS tools. The findings indicated that Emberger’s classification best represented the region, dividing it into four climatic zones. Dense vegetation declined by 78.58%, while very sparse vegetation expanded by 46.56%. In the humid zone (Köppen), dense vegetation decreased by 79.59%, whereas the very sparse vegetation surged by 803.7%. In the semi-humid zone, dense vegetation diminished by approximately 81% (Emberger and Thornthwaite). Desert and arid zones showed the most significant shift toward very sparse vegetation in all three models. The study recommended enhancing environmental monitoring via remote sensing, promoting sustainable agriculture, implementing reforestation programs, and enforcing policies for the conservation of natural resources
SWOT Analysis of Tourism Investment Opportunities at Ain Ziana Lake in Benghazi City, Eastern Libya
Ain Zian Lake , also known as the "Blue Hole", is one of the important natural lakes in the north of Benghazi city. It is located in a specific geographical area characterized by natural tourist attractions such as the surrounding landscapes and diverse vegetation. This environmental diversity makes it an attractive site for tourism and recreation. The study addresses the investment opportunities for the tourism potential of Lake Ain Ziana. Despite the distinguished geographical location of the lake and its natural tourist assets, the tourism investment is still not optimally utilized. Therefore, there is a need to study and analyze the opportunities and challenges that hinder this investment, and propose strategies to develop this type of tourism.The study collected data through the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) as well as through remote sensing techniques (RS) to analyze some spectral indicators, and NDWI, to understand the differences in vegetation cover density around the lake and the indicator of differences in natural water bodies. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques were used to for mapping and to analyze the maps.The expected results of this study are to reveal the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with tourism investment, and provide recommendations for developing investment opportunities in the study area
An Analytical Assessment of Urban Land Use in Umm Al Rizam, Libya Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
This study aims to evaluate land use in the town of Umm Al Rizam, which does not differ significantly from other Libyan towns in terms of the diversity of land uses distributed across its inhabited area. These uses are divided into primary categories such as residential, commercial, and industrial, as well as secondary ones including administrative and educational uses, in addition to transportation-related uses. Collectively, these elements form the internal structure of the town. The research sought to assess the pattern of land use in the area. The study reached several findings as a result of spatial analysis. It was found that the area of developed land amounts to approximately 227.6 hectares, representing 47.6% of the total area, while vacant land constitutes 46.3%, covering about 221.1 hectares. Among the key recommendations of the study is the need to improve the town’s infrastructure, particularly through paving roads, as most neighborhoods lack paved road networks and basic services with the exception of the Central District and Al-Shaabiyah neighborhood