Abhat Journal
type: channel
description: A peer-reviewed scientific periodical Journal concerned with the publication of scientific research in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences, contributing to the creation of research competition opportunities between researchers and academics and enriching the world of knowledge dissemination. It is published by the Faculty of Arts, University of Sirte, Libya twice a year every March and September. It carries a legal Deposit No. 393 / 2015, and the international standard serial number on line ISSN: 3079-8140 and print ISSN: 2518-5985, and the magazine has an Arabic impact factor of an average of (2.85), classified (Q3) in the directory of Libyan electronic journals for the year 2025, and classified (Q3) with the Arab impact factor arsif in 2025.
publisher: Faculty of Arts-Sirte University-Libya
language: en
publication name: Abhat Journal
issn: 2518-5985
items: Geospatial Assessment of Urban Expansion Dynamics Integrating GHSL Data, Remote Sensing, GIS, and Spatial Metrics: Evidence from Zliten Municipality, Libya (2000–2025)
items: Tribal and Military Alliances in the Battle of Al-Qardabiya: A stud in the Unity of command and the Battlefield.
items: French Colonial Policy and its Impact on Shaping Cultural and Social Identity in Tunisia (1881- 1956)
items: Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Evaporation Trends at Gulf of Sirte Stations for the Period 1966-2010
items: The role of green education in promoting sustainable tourism in coastal areas
items: Spiritual Emptiness and Its Role in Suicidal Tendencies: A Doctrinal Study
items: An Assessment of English Oral Reading Skills Among Seventh-Grade Basic Education Students in Misrata: (Shuhada Al-Ghiran School as a Case Study)
items: Psychological Pressures Experienced by Secondary School Students in Bani Waleed: A Field Study
items: The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in EFL Classes at Faculty of Education, Elmergib University: Teachers’ and Students’ Perspectives
items: Beyond Morphology: A Multi-Layered Model of Tense and Aspect in Arabic
items: The Ecological Dimension and Patterns of Reliance in the Poetry of Antarah ibn Shaddad
items: Italian Schools: A Model of Foreign Education in Libya 1876-1922
items: Urban Duality in the Libyan City of Hun during the Italian Colonization Period: A Study in Urban Geography
items: Conversational lmplicature in Al-Amidi: Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi as Models
items: The Role of the Faculty of Education at the University of Sirte in Fostering Values :Among Its Students: From the Students' Perspective
items: Measurement and Analysis of the Impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Levels on Government Expenditure and Inflation: Testing Wagner’s Law in the Case of the Libyan Economy)
items: Paper Title: Khair al-Din al-Tunisi’s Reformist Discourse and Its Intellectual Paradoxes
items: The paradigm of science as metaphysics: transformations of the concept from Newton to Heisenberg
items: Flood Risk Analysis in the Sub-Basins of Wadi Al-Qattara Using Morphometric and Hydrological Indices
items: Analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the Wadi Zannad basin using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques.
items: Manifestations of Modernity and Their Impact on Family Relationships in the city of Zliten
items: Higher Education Governance in Libya Towards a Flexible Legal Framework for Enhancing Sustainability and innovation
items: The university and its functional implications in building intellectual capital A conceptual reading in the sociology of knowledge
items: The Impact of the Declining of Rainfall on the Sedimentary Budget of the Libyan Coastal Valleys Stretching from the Mouths of Wadi al-Raml to Wadi Ghanima (North-West of Libya)
items: Technology Proficiency Gaps in Language Teaching: Teachers' Challenges and Students' Achievement
items: Analyzed the environmental factors affecting cotton production in the Middle Chari region of Chad (2002–2022)
items: Academic social adaptation among a sample of foreign students at Libyan universities"Field study on foreign students at Ajdabiya University"
items: Teachers' Role in Developing Students ' Academic Skills: A field Study on Some Secondary Schools Teachers in al-Marj City
items: The Outputs of Tourism Education and Requirements in Labor Market: An Analytical Study in the Department of Tourism Studies at the Faculty of Tourism and Archaeology - Sousse
items: A Textual Grammar Approach to ʿUbayd ibn al-Abras’s Dāliyya Poem

Geospatial Assessment of Urban Expansion Dynamics Integrating GHSL Data, Remote Sensing, GIS, and Spatial Metrics: Evidence from Zliten Municipality, Libya (2000–2025)
type: item
description: Urban expansion is a multidimensional process involving changes in spatial organization, directional growth, dispersion, and morphological structure; however, these dimensions are often assessed independently, limiting an integrated understanding of urban transformation. This study develops an integrated geospatial framework to characterize urban expansion dynamics in Zliten Municipality, Libya, during 2000–2025. Multi-temporal built-up surfaces were derived from the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) using Google Earth Engine and analyzed through complementary measures of growth, centroid displacement, directional expansion, spatial dispersion, and morphological complexity. Results indicate a total urban expansion of 26.40 km², with a compound annual growth rate of approximately 2.94%. Despite substantial growth, the urban centroid shifted by only 0.889 km, indicating limited displacement of the overall urban mass. The eastern sector dominated directional expansion (21.56%), while the resultant net growth vector was oriented SSE (158.5°). Shannon entropy increased from 0.685 to 0.737, indicating greater spatial dispersion, whereas a fractal dimension of 1.5436 reflects increasing morphological complexity. These findings demonstrate that Zliten’s urban transformation extends beyond areal growth to encompass spatial redistribution, directional reorganization, dispersion, and morphological restructuring. The framework provides a transferable basis for diagnosing complex urban growth dynamics and supporting evidence-based spatial planning in medium-sized, data-limited coastal cities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urban Expansion
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial Dispersion
  topic: keywords
subject: Directional Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Morphology
  topic: keywords
subject: Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL)
  topic: keywords
subject: Google Earth Engine (GEE)
  topic: keywords
creator: Fawzia Mohammed Ekhiel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 215
ending page: 230
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4327

Tribal and Military Alliances in the Battle of Al-Qardabiya: A stud in the Unity of command and the Battlefield.
type: item
description: This study seeks to elucidate the role of tribal and military alliances in the Battle of Al-Qardabiya (1915) and demonstrate their pivotal impact on unifying both leadership and the battlefield to achieve military victory. It also sheds light on the most prominent national Leaders and their strategic role in directing the Jihad movement against the Italian occupation. Furthermore, it highlights how these leaders successfully transcended traditional and regional divisions—which the colonizer sought to exploit to fracture the resistance ranks—resulting in a comprehensive national cohesion in the heart of the battlefield. This solidarity thwarted Italian plans to control the entirety of Libyan territory, ultimately forcing the occupation forces to retreat and confine themselves within limited coastal garrison.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tribal alliances
  topic: keywords
subject: Battle of Al-Qardabiyah
  topic: keywords
subject: Abu Hadi palace
  topic: keywords
subject: Italian forces
  topic: keywords
creator: Salma Salem yassen Salem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 257
ending page: 264
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4326

French Colonial Policy and its Impact on Shaping Cultural and Social Identity in Tunisia (1881- 1956)
type: item
description: This research aims to study French colonial policy and its impact on shaping the cultural and social identity of Tunisia during the French colonization of Tunisia from 1881 to 1956. It seeks to analyze the colonial cultural policy pursued by the French protectorate authorities in Tunisia, examining its objectives and methods, to demonstrate its effect on the formation of the cultural and social identity of Tunisian society. The study highlights the role of national cultural institutions in confronting this influence and analyzes the contributions of the Tunisian cultural elite in defending national identity. The researcher adopted a historical narrative approach, tracing historical events and facts chronologically to present and analyze them within their historical context. This approach aims to arrive at a minimum level of historical truth, revealing the impact of this colonial influence on Tunisian identity and the reactions that produced a group of national thinkers who attempted to confront this oppressive colonial influence. The study relied on a number of relevant sources and references, such as the travelogue of al-Hashaishi, the writings of Charles Féraud, and the works of al-Tha'alibi, which addressed the subject matter and were contemporaneous with the events discussed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: policy
  topic: keywords
subject: France
  topic: keywords
subject: identity
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural
  topic: keywords
subject: social
  topic: keywords
subject: Tunisia
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Amna Othman Ahmed Al-Ratab
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 242
ending page: 256
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4325

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Evaporation Trends at Gulf of Sirte Stations for the Period 1966-2010
type: item
description: The study aims to determine the temporal trend of evaporation and the spatial variation among climatic stations in the Gulf of Sirte over a period of 45 years. It employs several statistical methods, including the trend line equation, the Mann–Kendall test, and Sen's slope estimator, to detect statistically significant temporal trends. The study period was divided into two successive periods: the first from 1966 to 1987, and the second from 1988 to 2010. For graphical representation, cartographic methods, such as maps using Arc Map 10.8, and graphs using Excel were utilized. The results of the study revealed a clear spatial variation, wherein evaporation rates increase from the north towards the southern deserts. The annual increase rate ranged between 5.8 mm/year at the Sirte and Misrata stations and 10.5 mm/year at the Hun station. After applying the trend change equation, evaporation trends exhibited a change in the second period compared to the first period, which had shown a decreasing trend at the Sirte, Benina, and Jalu stations. As for the Mann–Kendall test, it extracted two statistically significant downward trends: at the Sirte station, with a Z-value of -5.28 at a significance level of α = 0.01, and at the Jalu station, with a Z-value of -2.50 at a significance level of α = 0.05.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Evaporation
  topic: keywords
subject: Gulf of Sirte
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial and Temporal Variability
  topic: keywords
subject: Mann–Kendall Test
  topic: keywords
creator: Ruqaya Ali Muhammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 195
ending page: 205
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4324

The role of green education in promoting sustainable tourism in coastal areas
type: item
description: Coastal areas are among the most attractive destinations for tourism due to their diverse natural and environmental resources. However, they also face numerous challenges stemming from human activities, urban expansion, and tourism development, which can impact the sustainability of their natural resources and the quality of their environment. With the growing focus on sustainability issues, green education has emerged as a crucial approach to raising environmental awareness and fostering positive environmental behaviors, This research aims to highlight the role of green education in promoting sustainable tourism in coastal areas by demonstrating the importance of environmental awareness in preserving the natural resources upon which tourism activities depend. It also seeks to show how educational institutions can contribute to spreading a culture of sustainability and promoting responsible practices towards the coastal environment. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, along with an applied study of the area between Sousse and El-Athroun, through the analysis of a vegetation map. This map is considered a crucial environmental indicator reflecting the reality of the coastal environment and the importance of its preservation. The study demonstrated that reducing negative practices impacting the coastal environment can be achieved by promoting environmental awareness through green education. Furthermore, the study emphasizes that achieving sustainable tourism is not limited to planning and management alone, but also requires building environmental awareness within the local community. This makes green education a fundamental pillar for supporting the sustainability of coastal areas and preserving their tourism potential.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: green education
  topic: keywords
subject: vegetation cover
  topic: keywords
subject: Sousse
  topic: keywords
subject: El-Athrun
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Abeer Moustafa Hamad Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 157
ending page: 165
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4323

Spiritual Emptiness and Its Role in Suicidal Tendencies: A Doctrinal Study
type: item
description: This study examines spiritual richness of the heart and the role of worship in achieving it through a theological and hadith-based study of the Qudsi Hadith: “O son of Adam, devote yourself to My worship; I will fill your heart with richness and relieve you of your poverty.” The study aims to clarify the nature of worship, its impact on the soundness and tranquility of the heart, the concept of spiritual richness and its distinction from material wealth, and the effect of attachment to worldly life on spiritual poverty. It adopts inductive, analytical, and deductive approaches. The study concludes that true richness is the richness of the heart through faith in Allah, which produces contentment, satisfaction, and tranquility. It also shows that devotion to worship does not mean abandoning worldly responsibilities, but rather preventing worldly concerns from dominating the heart. Worship, remembrance of Allah, and monotheism are among the greatest causes of spiritual well-being, while excessive attachment to worldly life leads to spiritual poverty and anxiety.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Spiritual Richness
  topic: keywords
subject: Worship
  topic: keywords
subject: Soundness of the Heart
  topic: keywords
subject: Spiritual Poverty
  topic: keywords
subject: Attachment to Allah
  topic: keywords
subject: Attachment to Worldly Life
  topic: keywords
creator: Shaddad bin Khalid Mohammed Atiyah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 128
ending page: 141
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4322

An Assessment of English Oral Reading Skills Among Seventh-Grade Basic Education Students in Misrata: (Shuhada Al-Ghiran School as a Case Study)
type: item
description: This study aimed to determine the level of English oral reading skills among seventh-grade students in basic education schools in Misrata. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers employed the descriptive research method. An observation checklist was used to assess the students’ oral reading skills. After establishing its validity and reliability, the checklist was administered to a purposive sample of 36 seventh-grade students at Shohadaa Al-Ghiran School in Misrata. Following statistical analysis, the results revealed the following: The overall level of English oral reading among the seventh-grade students was low and below the expected level. Fluency ranked first in terms of weakness, with a mean score of (0.603), indicating that the students experienced slowness, hesitation, and frequent pauses while reading. Accuracy ranked second in terms of weakness, with a mean score of (0.639), with noticeable errors in word pronunciation, substitution, omission, and addition. Correct punctuation ranked third in terms of weakness, with a mean score of (0.808), indicating difficulty in appropriately using punctuation marks to regulate pauses and intonation during oral reading. Performance ranked fourth and last in terms of weakness, with a mean score of (1.083). Accordingly, the skills were ranked from the most to the least weak as follows: fluency, accuracy, correct punctuation, and performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Oral Reading
  topic: keywords
subject: English
  topic: keywords
subject: seventh grade
  topic: keywords
subject: Misrata
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Ibrahim Othman Erhayem
creator: Yasmeen Abdulsalam Alhweek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 19
ending page: 33
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4320

Psychological Pressures Experienced by Secondary School Students in Bani Waleed: A Field Study
type: item
description: The current research aims to identify whether there are differences in the level of psychological stress among secondary school students in Bani Walid, and in order to achieve the research goal, the researcher used a descriptive comparative research method, and the study community included all secondary school students in Bani Walid for the academic year 2024/2025, a total of (2427) students, including a literary specialty number (519) and the number of scientific students (1908) students, including males (1437) students, and females (990) students. The sample size obtained was 280, including 191 in the scientific department and 89 in the literary department, which supports the adequacy of the sample statistically, and this is sufficient to study the differences in psychological pressures between the specialists in this society. The results show the presence of varying levels of stress and anxiety, which are often medium to high in many items, if the result indicates that high school students suffer from relatively high levels of psychological stress. There is no statistically significant positive effect, so this result indicates that the differences between males and females in the average psychological stress scores are not statistically significant, and cannot be considered significant or fixed differences in the student community in Bani Walid.There is also no statistically significant positive effect, so this result indicates that there are no statistically significant differences between students of the scientific department and students of the literary department in their average score on the stress scale.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychological pressures
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary students
  topic: keywords
subject: Bani Waleed
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Muhammad A, M Al-Dbaib
creator: Dr. Abdulhakim A almanqoush
creator: Aisha A, A Abdel Latif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 53
ending page: 68
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4317

The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in EFL Classes at Faculty of Education, Elmergib University: Teachers’ and Students’ Perspectives
type: item
description: This qualitative descriptive study investigates the pedagogical role of integrating and utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing instruction within the resource-constrained Libyan higher education context. Utilizing semi-structured interviews analyzed via NVivo 12, data were collected from 11 EFL instructors and 16 senior undergraduate students at a Faculty of Education. The findings revealed a stark pedagogical paradox. For students, AI tools (e.g., ChatGPT) serve as vital socio-economic and academic equalizers that optimize operational efficiency, lower language anxiety, and accelerate writing outputs. However, this convenience induces behavioral dependency and “metacognition laziness,” leading to performance collapses in invigilated, technology-free environments. Conversely, instructors praised AI as an efficient labor-saving companion for lesson planning and material differentiation, yet they reported a severe institutional vacuum. Lacking formal training, educators faced an “assessment crisis,” forcing them to shift roles from instructional mentors to “AI detectives” to combat plagiarism. Ultimately, the study underscores that while AI offers powerful scaffolding for EFL writing, its unguided implementation threatens independent language acquisition and valid student evaluation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Writing Skill
  topic: keywords
subject: Students and Teachers Perspectives
  topic: keywords
subject: EFL
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Najah Abduallah Albelazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 265
ending page: 275
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4312

Beyond Morphology: A Multi-Layered Model of Tense and Aspect in Arabic
type: item
description: This paper examines the analysis of tense and aspect in Arabic through the integration of contemporary linguistic theory with the Arabic grammatical tradition. It argues that the long-standing debate over whether Arabic is fundamentally a tense-based or an aspect-based language stems largely from differences in the analytical level at which temporal meaning is examined. Building on Tammām Ḥassān's distinction between morphological tense and grammatical tense, the study demonstrates that temporal interpretation in Arabic cannot be reduced to verbal morphology alone but emerges through the interaction of morphology, syntax, particles, auxiliaries, adverbials, and discourse context. The paper further reinterprets Arabic aspect within contemporary aspect theory by distinguishing lexical aspect, viewpoint aspect, and phasal aspect, and shows that many constructions traditionally grouped together under a single notion of aspect belong to different aspectual domains. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Reichenbach, Comrie, Vendler, and Ḥassān, the study proposes a unified multi-layered model of temporal meaning in Arabic consisting of four interacting dimensions: the expression of temporal meaning, temporal anchoring, lexical aspect, and grammatical aspect. This framework reconciles insights from classical Arabic grammar and modern linguistic theory by demonstrating that their apparent disagreements reflect different analytical perspectives rather than incompatible accounts of the language. More broadly, the proposed model offers a comprehensive framework for analyzing temporal meaning in Arabic and contributes to cross-linguistic theories of tense and aspect by distinguishing the expression of temporal meaning from its semantic and aspectual interpretation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arabic
  topic: keywords
subject: Grammatical Tense
  topic: keywords
subject: Morphological Tense
  topic: keywords
subject: Lexical Aspect
  topic: keywords
subject: Phasal Aspect
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Abdraba A. Gad-Alla
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 276
ending page: 288
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4311

The Ecological Dimension and Patterns of Reliance in the Poetry of Antarah ibn Shaddad
type: item
description: The environment of Najd with its vast plains, clear skies, and scorching deserts was not merely the place of the poet's birth; rather, it was a formative influence on his identity and imagination. He was deeply affected by it, drawing upon its raw material of imagery and themes that resonated with its natural character a fact that prompted me to undertake the study titled "The Ecological Dimension and the Pattern of Reliance in the Poetry of Antarah ibn Shaddad". It is a term referring to the interactive and reciprocal relationship between living organisms including humans and their natural environment. The study is divided into an introduction that addresses the poet's life and ecocriticism. The first section, titled "The Environment of Place-Attachment and Stationing at the Site within the Natural Desert Landscape," examines how the poet employs this element to express his sorrow and grief. The second section is titled "The Environment of Reliance on Animals and Other Environmental Resources." Finally, I present the study's findings, followed by a list of sources and references.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ecology
  topic: keywords
subject: The Pattern
  topic: keywords
subject: Leaning
  topic: keywords
subject: The Place
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Muslm Obaed F Al-Rashedi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 112
ending page: 119
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4310

Italian Schools: A Model of Foreign Education in Libya 1876-1922
type: item
description: The Italian schools established in Libya from 1876 onwards constituted the first nucleus of modern formal education of a foreign character in the country. These schools were established more than 35 years before the official Italian occupation of Libya and initially served the children of the Italian community and merchants residing in Tripoli and Benghazi. Their significance lies in the fact that they laid the structural and administrative foundations for the educational policies adopted by Italy after 1911, when they were transformed from community-based schools serving the Italian community into official institutions administered by the Italian state. These schools also represented the first direct and organized contact between the European educational system and Libyan society, making their study an important entry point for understanding the development of colonial education in Libya. Accordingly, this study addresses the following questions: How did foreign education begin in Libya, and what were its underlying motivations? How did these schools develop administratively and educationally between 1876 and 1911? Why did European and Jewish communities attend these schools, while the majority of Arab Libyans showed little interest in them?. The study aims to trace the origins of these schools in Libya and examine their administrative and educational development prior to the Italian occupation. It also seeks to demonstrate how Italy used these schools as instruments of cultural and political penetration in Libya. Accordingly, the study focuses on Italian schools in Libya from their establishment onwards. The study concludes that Italian schools in Libya passed through two main stages: establishment and direct supervision. The findings indicate that the Ottoman state's neglect of education facilitated the spread of these schools and that Italy used them as an instrument for laying the cultural groundwork for the occupation. The schools also served the Italian immig…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Italian schools
  topic: keywords
subject: Ottoman period
  topic: keywords
subject: Italian occupation
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Salem Alsagheer Amhmmid Mhmmid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 231
ending page: 241
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4304

Urban Duality in the Libyan City of Hun during the Italian Colonization Period: A Study in Urban Geography
type: item
description: The story of cities began with the start of transformations in the field of economic, civilized and social life in a place where access to food is easy and allows for the emergence of administrative, regulatory, industrial and financial works. Studying the history of the development of any city helps in understanding how it grew and developed and knowing the changes that occurred during its history, because the new urban values cannot mature in a cultural emptiness . On the contrary, it grows and continues with existing cultural values . The city of Hun was before the arrival of the Italian occupation, a city that represented the small community Grmeinschaft closely interconnected between its members, until the arrival of the crowds of Italians and the construction of their buildings after choosing the city of Hun at that time to be the "capital of the desert region" Territorio del Sahara Libico, in the thirties of the last century, so it happened that the urban dichotomy was formed Urban Dichotomy or what is known as Dual Cities, where two non-integrated cultures prevailed, the culture of the colonizer alongside the national culture, and the result was dual in the design of buildings and building materials, where Libyans used local materials, while Western settlers added some materials imported from outside the country and planning. Western urban in general . This research deals with the study and analysis of that urban duality and its impact on the urban and cultural growth of the city after that era. Including the existence of a clear distinction and difference between the two urban blocks in the city at the time, which created an urban dichotomy, as it became clear that this led to the acquisition of new skills and horizons in building and construction.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: urban duality
  topic: keywords
subject: dual cities
  topic: keywords
subject: building materials
  topic: keywords
subject: urban sprawl
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr . Mahmoud Ahmed zagob
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 206
ending page: 214
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4303

Conversational lmplicature in Al-Amidi: Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi as Models
type: item
description: This research deals with the study of dialogical compulsion by AMDI in his famous book: (The Poetic balance between Abi Tammam and Bahri), which aims to reveal the extent of knowledge of the ancient critics of the concept of compulsion, and to identify the extent of his acumen for the concept of dialogical compulsion and its agreement with the rules of Grace, using the comparative approach to link ancient studies among Arabs, modern studies, descriptive analytical approach to the study of dialogical compulsion, deconstructing literary texts, and the rules of discourse, deliberative is a modern term, but research in it is ancient, has been used by ancient critics in the analysis of literary texts, research has proved a close relationship between the meaning of dialogic imperative ancient and modern, In ancient times, Bishr Ibn al-mutamar was one of the first in this field when he spoke about the speaker's consideration of the situation of the interlocutor, as many Arab scholars, ancient and modern, pointed to the Dialogic imperative, especially at Al-jurjani, who directly pointed to the meaning of the subject (secondary meanings), and Grace is the one who rooted the Dialogic imperative, applying the principle of cooperation and its rules, and that the true meaning is not always apparent, but may be hidden the dialogue was necessitated in the Holy Quran, and in poetry by various methods and mechanisms, including:news, creation, and rhetorical Sciences.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Al-Amidi
  topic: keywords
subject: commitment
  topic: keywords
subject: dialogue
  topic: keywords
subject: Grace
  topic: keywords
subject: Abu Tammam
  topic: keywords
subject: Al-Buhturi
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahra Wanis Saud
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 120
ending page: 127
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4302

The Role of the Faculty of Education at the University of Sirte in Fostering Values :Among Its Students: From the Students' Perspective
type: item
description: The current study aimed to identify the role of the Faculty of Education at the University of Sirte in fostering specific values, namely citizenship, tolerance, teamwork, and rights and obligations—among its students, from the students' own perspective. The researcher employed a descriptive approach and utilized a questionnaire to gather data. The questionnaire comprised three dimensions: citizenship values; rights and obligations; tolerance and teamwork. The study population consisted of a sample of 160 students from the Faculty of Education. The participants were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The study yielded several key findings, most notably that the Faculty of Education at the University of Sirte plays a significant role in fostering citizenship-related values ​​among its students, with an overall relative weight of 68%. Values ​​related to citizenship rights and duties ranked first (87%), reflecting a very high level. Values ​​concerning tolerance and teamwork within the context of citizenship ranked second (82%), followed by general citizenship values ​​in third place (78%). Additionally, the study found statistically significant differences (at the 0.05 level) in the overall score regarding the faculty’s role in value development based on gender (male vs. female), with the results favoring female students.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Role
  topic: keywords
subject: Faculty of Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Values
  topic: keywords
subject: Sirte University
  topic: keywords
creator: AMHAIMMED OMAR AMHIMMED ESSA
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 34
ending page: 52
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4299

Measurement and Analysis of the Impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Levels on Government Expenditure and Inflation: Testing Wagner’s Law in the Case of the Libyan Economy)
type: item
description: This study aims to measure and analyze the impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) levels on government expenditure and inflation in Libya during the period 1995–2022, within the framework of testing the applicability of Wagner’s Law to the Libyan economy. The research problem lies in examining the extent to which GDP levels influence government spending and inflation, and whether Wagner’s hypothesis—suggesting a long-term positive relationship between GDP and public expenditure—holds true in this context. The methodology employed includes simple regression analysis, the Augmented Dickey–Fuller unit root test to ensure data stability, and additional econometric techniques such as causality tests, cointegration bounds, autoregressive models, and impulse response analysis, using EViews software. Findings indicate a significant long-term relationship between GDP levels and government expenditure, confirming the validity of Wagner’s Law in Libya. However, the relationship between GDP and inflation was positive but statistically insignificant. The study recommends rationalizing government spending, strengthening monetary policy instruments, and revising fiscal and customs policies to enhance investment in productive sectors and reduce reliance on oil exports.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: GDP
  topic: keywords
subject: Government Expenditure
  topic: keywords
subject: Inflation
  topic: keywords
subject: Wagner’s Law
  topic: keywords
subject: VAR
  topic: keywords
subject: ADF Test
  topic: keywords
subject: IRF
  topic: keywords
creator: Adel Dau
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 142
ending page: 156
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4298

Paper Title: Khair al-Din al-Tunisi’s Reformist Discourse and Its Intellectual Paradoxes
type: item
description: This paper examines the reformist discourse of Khair al-Din al-Tunisi, who is regarded as one of the leading pioneers of the reform movement in the Arab world during the nineteenth century. He is considered a model of reformist thought that sought to establish a reconciliatory vision combining Islamic authenticity with the achievements of European civilization while preserving Islamic and cultural identity. His intellectual project is presented in his book The Surest Path to Knowing the Conditions of States (Aqwam al-Masalik fi Ma’rifat Ahwal al-Mamalik), in which he offered a critical analysis of the reasons behind Europe’s progress and the decline of Islamic societies. He consistently advocated benefiting from the European experience. The study discusses the intellectual foundations of Khair al-Din al-Tunisi’s discourse, which called for reforming state institutions, including administrative, economic, and cultural structures, and for adopting rational approaches to public affairs inspired by the causes of European advancement. The research also highlights his method of reconciling authenticity and modernity without abandoning Islamic identity or the cultural particularities of Arab societies. Furthermore, it focuses on the intellectual paradoxes that characterize his discourse, particularly his attempt to reconcile Islamic principles with the requirements of the modern state and comprehensive reform in all areas of life. The paper concludes that Khair al-Din al-Tunisi’s discourse represents a foundational stage in modern Arab reformist thought. It contributed to bridging Arab modernity with Islamic thought while emphasizing the preservation of religious and cultural identity. At the same time, it reveals the intellectual contradictions within his reformist project, especially the tension between his reformist vision and the political, economic, and cultural realities in which he sought to implement it.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Renaissance Project
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Reform
  topic: keywords
subject: Contemporary Arab thought
  topic: keywords
subject: I do the tracks
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatima Mohamed Abdoulla Lamloum
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 88
ending page: 92
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4297

The paradigm of science as metaphysics: transformations of the concept from Newton to Heisenberg
type: item
description: This study attempts to monitor the transformation in the relationship between science and metaphysics, and to reveal the crucial role it played in shaping the structure of classical science, from Newton to contemporary science with Heisenberg. The study aims to trace what happened in this relationship from complete separation to overlap and integration through the presence of metaphysics within the structure of scientific theory. The study was based on the historical and analytical method by tracing the relationship between science and metaphysics and the accompanying development of scientific and philosophical concepts related to determinism, causality, and reality. The study concluded that contemporary physics (quantum theory), despite its experimental nature, has included clear metaphysical concepts and ideas, and this is particularly evident in its interpretations of nature, reality, probability, and existence. The importance of the research is evident in its attempt to show the dialectical relationship between science and metaphysics instead of viewing them as two separate and contradictory fields.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Metaphysics
  topic: keywords
subject: science
  topic: keywords
subject: paradigm
  topic: keywords
subject: classical physics
  topic: keywords
subject: quantum physics
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Salama Al-Ghazali Abdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 93
ending page: 111
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4296

Flood Risk Analysis in the Sub-Basins of Wadi Al-Qattara Using Morphometric and Hydrological Indices
type: item
description: This study analyzed flood risks in the sub-basins of Wadi Al-Qattara Basin through the integration of morphometric and hydrological indicators, aiming to analyze basin characteristics, estimate surface runoff and discharge, and classify flood risk levels. The study adopted a historical approach to analyze annual rainfall at Benina Station during the period 1980–2000, a comparative approach to examine the areal, geometric, and relief characteristics of the basins, in addition to quantitative analytical, statistical, and cartographic methods using ArcMap 10.8. The results revealed significant variations in the hydrological response among the sub-basins. The time of concentration ranged from 2.54 to 11.83 hours, with the Qattara Basin recording the highest value and the Sidr Basin the lowest, indicating differences in the response time of the basins to surface runoff. The lag time ranged from 1.52 to 7.10 hours, while the average discharge ranged from 491.10 to 2,178.31 m³/s, with the Sidr Basin recording the highest value and Bousheiwa Basin the lowest. Drainage density also varied considerably, ranging from 3.67 to 26.30, reflecting differences in surface characteristics and drainage-network development, and consequently variations in flood risk levels among the sub-basins.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Basins
  topic: keywords
subject: drainage
  topic: keywords
subject: runoff
  topic: keywords
subject: hydrology
  topic: keywords
subject: Qattara
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Saad Rajab Lashhab
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 166
ending page: 183
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4295

Analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the Wadi Zannad basin using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques.
type: item
description: This study aimed to analyze the morphometric characteristics of the Wadi Al-Zanad basin using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). A quantitative analytical approach was employed to construct a digital geographic database of the basin's morphometric features, including its spatial, morphological, topographic, and drainage network characteristics. This database was used to create physical maps, derive various measurements of the basin, and analyze them using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies. The morphometric analysis revealed that the Wadi Al-Zanad basin occupies a small area of ​​approximately 3.06 km² and has a length of 3.6 km. Its irregular perimeter, measuring 9.05 km in length, is nearly rectangular with an elongation of 0.54. Its topography is divided into three distinct zones with varying elevations ranging from 8 to 128 meters. The gradient ranges from 0 to 3.5 degrees, classifying it as gently sloping according to Young (1972). The study also found that the drainage network comprises two different water orders, each with varying numbers and lengths, totaling 13 watercourses with a combined length of 63 km and a drainage density of 20.58 km². Furthermore, the study concluded that the drainage basin has reached a young geomorphological stage, characterized by a high roughness value of 272.8 km². The basin is highly rugged and has a coarse topographic texture, with a density of 1.4 watercourses/km², according to Smith (1950).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Morphometric characteristics
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital elevation model
  topic: keywords
subject: Geographic Information Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Remote Sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: Wadi Zannad
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Khalid Ahmed Bashir Gnaw
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 184
ending page: 194
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4294

Manifestations of Modernity and Their Impact on Family Relationships in the city of Zliten
type: item
description: This study addressed the topic of “The Implications of Modernity Aspects on Family Relationships,” aiming to identify the impact of technology, modern means of communication, and industrialization on the nature of interaction and relationships within the family, as well as to reveal the main transformations brought about by these aspects in family life patterns. The study relied on a number of theoretical approaches that explain the topic, most notably: Modernization Theory, Technological Determinism Theory, Social Network Theory, Social Exchange Theory, Marxist Theory, and Postmodern Theory. The study falls within the scope of descriptive studies, adopting the social survey method. It was applied to a random sample of residents of Zliten City, consisting of (256) participants. A questionnaire was used as a data collection tool, and the data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that aspects of modernity have contributed to significant changes in family relationships. Technology and modern communication tools have reshaped patterns of interaction among family members; while they have enhanced communication speed and reduced distances, they have also contributed to the decline of some forms of direct interaction and the emergence of social isolation. The results also indicated that industrialization has contributed to improving living standards and providing new opportunities for individuals, while affecting some family roles and functions. The study confirmed the existence of a statistically significant positive correlation among its dimensions, indicating the interconnected effects of different aspects of modernity and their implications for family relationships.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modernity
  topic: keywords
subject: Manifestations
  topic: keywords
subject: Family Relationships
  topic: keywords
subject: The Libyan Family
  topic: keywords
creator: Seham Hassan Qaratim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 69
ending page: 87
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4280

Higher Education Governance in Libya Towards a Flexible Legal Framework for Enhancing Sustainability and innovation
type: item
description: This research aims to study the governance of university education within Libya, the suitability current university- related legislation, and ways to develop it to achieve the goals of sustainability and innovation in higher education. The study relied on a comparative analytical approach and concluded that current legislation related to higher education is characterized by rigidity, suffers from weak institutional autonomy, excessive centralization, and a lack of alignment of educational policies with sustainability and innovation. The research concludes that a new law must be issued or current laws amended to build a flexible legislative system that is in accordance with the principles of good governance and grants higher education institutions independence to develop universities, link them to the labor market and scientific research, and achieve sustainable development goals in Libya.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: governance
  topic: keywords
subject: university
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability and innovation
  topic: keywords
creator: Umm Al – Saad Abdullah Hamad Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 8
ending page: 18
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4278

The university and its functional implications in building intellectual capital A conceptual reading in the sociology of knowledge
type: item
description: The sociology of knowledge views the university as a socio_cognitive structure with functional implications in the social context. Lt works to produce and generate knowledge and forms the leadership and intellectual elites within society, thus contributing to building the intellectual capital needed by other social organizations that are functionally linked to the university institution the study attempts to answer the following main question as theoretical contribution to the field of sociology of knowledge: what are the functional implications of the university in building intellectual capital from the perspective of sociology of knowledge? The descriptive analytical method was adopted, and the study showed that the university s ability to build and develop intellectual capital, meet its requirements, form scientists and researchers, and improve investment in its intellectual assets is a fundamental determinant of its optimal functional role.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sociology of Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: University
  topic: keywords
subject: Intellectual Capital
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Widad Abu Bakr Mahmoud Al jaded
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-09-01
publication date: 2026-09-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.37375/aj.v18i2.4277

The Impact of the Declining of Rainfall on the Sedimentary Budget of the Libyan Coastal Valleys Stretching from the Mouths of Wadi al-Raml to Wadi Ghanima (North-West of Libya)
type: item
description: External drainage valleys constitute the most important main pillars for confronting the imbalance of dynamic balances in coastal areas through the sediments and debris they supply to their outlets, which reduce the erosion and drift of beaches and thus their stability. However, the sediment load of continental valleys depends in turn on several factors, the most important of which are: climate fluctuations in addition to other factors such as geology and topography. The studied area is the Libyan coast extending between the outlets of Wadi Al-Raml and Wadi Ghanima, which is penetrated by several valleys, some of which have managed to reach the sea. They differ in their length and the width of their basins, which is reflected in the amount of water flow and thus in the load and transport of sediments. The research aims to identify the changes that occurred in the environment of the valleys sloping from the eastern part of the Western Mountain and to identify the natural factors affecting them and resulting from the decrease in the amounts of rainwater and its flow in those valleys and the characteristics of their current geomorphological development, as well as to determine their role in the amount and size of their transport of sediments and debris to their outlets and thus the extent of their contribution to the stability of the studied coastline by comparing and analyzing aerial photographs and satellite images taken from Google Earth at different dates and the available geological and topographic maps and digital elevation models (DEM); in order to draw and compare the coastline and produce maps that determine its status in terms of stability or change to understand the current geomorphological dynamics. To achieve the research objectives, the descriptive analytical approach was used and a number of field visits were made to examine the current situation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: valleys
  topic: keywords
subject: sedimentary balance
  topic: keywords
subject: coastline
  topic: keywords
subject: current geomorphological dynamics
  topic: keywords
creator: Khaled Abdul Salam Al-Wahishi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 228
ending page: 241
doi: 10.37375/abhat.v18i1.3908

Technology Proficiency Gaps in Language Teaching: Teachers' Challenges and Students' Achievement
type: item
description: The results of the study indicate that the main challenges respondents face when integrating technology into language teaching include limited access to digital devices, poor internet connectivity, insufficient training and technical support, and time constraints. Notably, 61.89% of respondents either disagreed or strongly disagreed that they had received sufficient training, while only 23.8% reported feeling adequately trained. The data further reveal a clear disconnect between teachers’ individual willingness to use technology and the level of institutional readiness. Although educators demonstrate a positive attitude toward integrating technology, their efforts are constrained by inadequate professional training, frequent technical problems, and insufficient institutional support.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Training
  topic: keywords
subject: digital devices
  topic: keywords
subject: technology
  topic: keywords
subject: technical support
  topic: keywords
subject: technical problems
  topic: keywords
creator: Ramadan Ahmad Shalbag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 300
ending page: 307
doi: 10.37375/abhat.v18i1.3954

Analyzed the environmental factors affecting cotton production in the Middle Chari region of Chad (2002–2022)
type: item
description: The research aimed at addressing the relationship between environmental factors and cotton yield productivity, identifying cultivation areas, and developing practical recommendations to improve production and reduce negative environmental and social impacts. The research adopted descriptive-analytical, historical, ecological, and crop approach. This included spatial analysis using geographical information systems (ArcGIS 10.8.1) to map spatial suitability and variability, and statistical analysis of time series using SPSS software to estimate the impact of variables and measure their correlation. The research also used a field survey and a questionnaire of a sample of (90 farmers), interviews, field observations, and soil samples for physical and chemical testing, in addition to secondary data from climate records, agricultural production data, and satellite images. The results showed a strong positive correlation between climate stability (precipitation and humidity) and cotton productivity (r = 1.00, p ≤ 0.001), with low humidity and rainfall variability representing (52.2%) of environmental production constraints. Mechanization, scientific methods, improved seeds and agricultural practices increased productivity by (52%), while adherence to crop rotation and agricultural extension programs increased productivity by up to (98%) on the farms where they were implemented. Soil characteristics were responsible for 67% of crop growth delays, while pests caused (47%) of losses as a result of weak integrated pest management systems. The environmental assessment of the industry revealed negative impacts associated with the activities of the Chad Cotton Company, with high emissions indicators and waste management issues. Spatial analysis revealed clear productivity gaps in areas far from the Chari River basin, while socio-economic results showed low farmer incomes and high operating costs, calling for supportive financial and social interventions. Based on these findings, …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Middle Chari
  topic: keywords
subject: integrated pest management
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental factors
  topic: keywords
subject: cotton
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdel Madjid Zakaria Haggar Moustapha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 279
ending page: 289
doi: 10.37375/abhat.v18i1.3950

Academic social adaptation among a sample of foreign students at Libyan universities"Field study on foreign students at Ajdabiya University"
type: item
description: This study aims to identify the reality of social and academic adaptation among foreign students in Libyan universities, in addition to analyzing the differences in adaptation levels according to several demographic and cultural variables. The study is classified as quantitative research, and the survey method was employed using a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The sample consisted of (85) participants selected through a stratified proportional random sampling method. The reliability coefficient of the instrument reached (0.912), while the validity coefficient was (0.954), indicating a high level of reliability and validity. The findings revealed that foreign students in Libyan universities do not fully achieve adequate levels of social and academic adaptation, suggesting the existence of significant challenges in both areas. The results also showed statistically significant differences at the (0.05) significance level in social adaptation according to nationality and cultural awareness variables, with a moderate effect size. Likewise, statistically significant differences were found at the same significance level in academic adaptation according to nationality, student grade, and cultural awareness variables, also with a moderate effect size. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed in either social or academic adaptation according to gender and income variables.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreign
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher education
  topic: keywords
creator: Basmah S. S Al-Sheikhi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 90
ending page: 101
doi: 10.37375/abhat.v18i1.3949

Teachers' Role in Developing Students ' Academic Skills: A field Study on Some Secondary Schools Teachers in al-Marj City
type: item
description: The study aimed to investigate the teacher role in developing students' academic skills. To achieve this, the descriptive approach was used, and the research population consisted of secondary schools in the city of Al-Marj (New Thought School, New Generation School, Abdul Aziz School, Al-Zahraa School). The research was conducted on a random sample of (200) male and female teachers in secondary schools in the city of Al-Marj. The study's findings revealed the teacher has an important role in developing students' academic skills, as s/he is the one who provides the opportunity to deal with students in a fraternal manner based on respect and appreciation between the teacher and the student. It fosters trust and respect among classmates, and this mutual trust and respect among students contributes to the success of the educational process within the school. It also helps the teacher develop learning and study skills by employing diverse methods to deliver information and the prescribed curriculum. This, in turn, varies between male and female teachers according to several variables measured in the study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teacher
  topic: keywords
subject: Student
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Zeynep. A Abubakar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 68
ending page: 77
doi: 10.37375/abhat.v18i1.3947

The Outputs of Tourism Education and Requirements in Labor Market: An Analytical Study in the Department of Tourism Studies at the Faculty of Tourism and Archaeology - Sousse
type: item
description: This study examines the outcomes of tourism education and the requirements of the labor market from the perspectives of graduates and faculty members in the Department of Tourism Studies at the Faculty of Tourism and Archaeology in Sousse. The study aims to identify the current state of tourism education in the country in general and at the Faculty of Tourism and Archaeology in particular, as well as to highlight the role of existing educational programs in narrowing the gap between educational outcomes and labor market requirements. The significance of the study lies in the fact that developing academic outputs and supporting decision-makers in the academic and tourism sectors in improving training programs, in addition to the tourism importance of the city of Sousse. The study includes both a theoretical and a methodological framework and adopts the descriptive–analytical approach as well as the historical method. The findings revealed that a scarcity of training programs, limited available resources, an overall moderate level of educational outcomes, the employment of 67% of graduates outside their field of specialization, and a noticeable deficiency in skills, particularly language skills. The study concludes with some recommendations for the need for graduates to enhance their training and to be employed in fields related to their specialization, as well as recommendations for faculty members and researchers, mainly increasing the applied aspects of the educational process and developing graduates’ skills, among others.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Outcomes of tourism education
  topic: keywords
subject: labor market
  topic: keywords
subject: graduates and faculty
  topic: keywords
subject: Faculty of Tourism and Archaeology
  topic: keywords
subject: Sousse
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatimah Abraheem Alshaeth alkasih
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 78
ending page: 89
doi: 10.37375/abhat.v18i1.3945

A Textual Grammar Approach to ʿUbayd ibn al-Abras’s Dāliyya Poem
type: item
description: This study examines a Daliyya poem by the pre-Islamic poet ʿUbayd ibn al-Abras through the lens of Text Linguistics, aiming to identify the textuality criteria and cohesion devices that contributed to the poem’s coherence. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the poem was divided into three major textual structures, allowing for a comprehensive, non-fragmented analysis. Findings reveal that the first structure, centered on nostalgic reflection at deserted abodes and love imagery, featured strong intertextuality alongside cohesive devices such as repetition, ellipsis, syntactic linkage, and reference. The second structure, focusing on the poet’s self-praise, was characterized by various forms of repetition, pronouns, conditional clauses, and collocation. The third structure, dedicated to wisdom and contemplation, was marked by the criterion of informativeness through directive speech acts, as well as substitution and phonological rhythm. The study highlights that both exact and partial repetition were among the most prominent cohesive tools in the poem, and that the text demonstrated high acceptability in terms of coherence and unity, reflecting the poet’s mastery in employing linguistic and textual strategies. The research recommends further exploration of repetition and situationality in pre-Islamic poetry, particularly in the works of ʿUbayd ibn al-Abras.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Text linguistics
  topic: keywords
subject: textual cohesion
  topic: keywords
subject: repetition
  topic: keywords
subject: intertextuality
  topic: keywords
subject: pre-Islamic poetry
  topic: keywords
creator: Loay O Badran
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abhat Journal
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 34
ending page: 47
doi: 10.37375/abhat.v18i1.3944