SUSJ is a scientific refereed journal issued on behalf of Sirte University in a number of issues throughout the year interested in publishing research and documented studies in the field of applied sciences for university faculty members and other universities from inside and outside Libya. The views expressed in the publication are the individual opinion of the author(s) and they neither represents nor reflect the opinion of the editor and editorial board or Sirte University. https://doi.org/10.37375/1575
Physicochemical, Morphological, and Thermal Characterization of Selected Clay Samples from Southern Libya
Eight clay samples collected from southern Libya were characterized using descriptive observation, light-microscope examination, Munsell color estimation, and selected physicochemical tests. The samples showed clear differences in color, texture, particle appearance, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, particle density, shrinkage behavior, exchangeable cations, and water-extractable phosphorus. Moisture contents were low in all samples, ranging from 0.09-1.06%, which indicates that the samples were close to air-dry condition before testing. The pH values ranged from 5.49-7.31, indicating slightly acidic to near-neutral conditions. Electrical conductivity ranged from 0.20-5.27 dS.m−1, with Sample 2 showing the highest value, most likely because of a higher concentration of soluble salts. Particle density ranged from 1.88-2.31 g.cm−3, while the shrinkage/expansion coefficient ranged from 1.81-6.59%. Water-extractable phosphorus varied widely from 0.97-87.6 mg.Kg−1, indicating substantial differences in soluble phosphorus among the samples. Drying-curve data showed limited mass loss below 200 °C, followed by more pronounced losses at higher temperatures. By 800 °C, the total mass loss ranged from approximately 8.8-15.7%, with Sample 8 showing the highest total loss. These results provide an initial basis for evaluating southern Libyan clay as a local natural resource, but further mineralogical and application-specific testing is required before industrial or environmental use can be recommended.
PI Speed Control of PM Double Rotor Generators for Wind Energy Application
This paper introduces a Permanent Magnet Double Rotor Generators (PMDRG), single stator, double rotating rotors with symmetrical air-gaps machine. It is capable to deliver independently power by two generators in a single machine. The proposed study is about the circuit diagram of PMDRG model, and controlled dynamics by Proportional Integral (PI) control system and introduces the simulation by MATLAB/Simulink. The machine should be installed for wind energy application aiming a more compact and efficient power production. The PI control system is commonly used for electric machines due to its simplicity and effectiveness in eliminating steady-state error. In PMDRG system, PI controllers are naturally used to regulate their rotors speeds, which in turn controls the active power output.
Permanent Magnet Double Rotor Generators
Evaluating of performance of Elkhalej steam turbine power plant (KSTPP) based on energy criteria
The performance analysis of a power plant after commissioning is essential to assess its operational behavior in comparison with the manufacturer’s design specifications. Operating the power plant near its design load is crucial for achieving maximum thermal efficiency, ensuring economical operation, and reducing environmental impacts. In this study, the performance analysis of the Elkhalej Steam Turbine Power Plant was carried out based on energy analysis criteria to evaluate the thermal efficiency and heat rate of the plant, as well as to determine the deviations between off-design conditions and actual operating loads. A thermodynamic model was developed to simulate the plant processes and evaluate the performance of its major components. The model was validated using the design specification data provided by the manufacturer. The obtained results show that operation at lower practical loads leads to larger deviations from the design performance, while operation at higher practical loads brings the plant behavior closer to the intended design conditions and improves overall performance efficiency.
Control of Non-Linear Liquid Level Using Fuzzy logic System
Level control systems play a crucial role across a wide range of industries, including oil and gas processing, nuclear power plants, and water treatment facilities. While Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are commonly used in these systems, its effectiveness could be limited by challenges such as nonlinearity, system uncertainty, and time delays. To overcome these limitations, fuzzy logic control has appeared as a promising alternative. This paper investigates and compares the performance of traditional PID controllers with fuzzy logic controllers in handling non-linear level control systems. MATLAB software and Simulink library were used to model and simulate the system in different control scenarios. The initial results indicate that fuzzy logic controllers outperform PID controllers by offering faster response times, minimal overshoot, and eliminating steady-state errors. Additionally, the system’s response is evaluated under varying setpoint conditions to demonstrate adaptability.
Prevalence and Association of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Sirte, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study.
This population-based cross-sectional study investigated the association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)among 200 participants in Sirte, Libya. Laboratory analysis revealed a high prevalence of H. pylori infection (67.5%) and iron deficiency (87.5%), with a statically significant correlation between the two variables (p<0.05). Notably, 92.6% of infected group. Gender and age-stratified data showed a 100% deficiency rate among infected males and participants aged 10-30 years. Furthermore, a significant tendency toward latent iron deficiency was observed, as many participants even those within normal clinical ranges exhibited ferritin levels at the lowest thresholds (Females:20ng/ml; Males: 30ng/ml), inditing a systemic risk for future IDA. These findings identify H. pylori as a critical risk factor for refractory anemia in the Sirte population and strongly support the integration of bacterial eradication into clinical management protocols for anemia.
Analysis of Helical Buckling, Lock-Up, and Drill String Failure in Horizontal Wells: A Case Study from an Oilfield, Libya
Helical buckling in horizontal drilling creates serious risks: high torque, strong drag, poor axial load transfer, and potential string sticking or breakage. Research indicates that friction along the borehole wall governs buckling initiation and growth. Pipe rotation reportedly lowers the helical buckling threshold by roughly half. This study evaluates key factors controlling helical buckling, lock-up conditions, and compressive failure. The case well (A60H-NC169A) lies in Libya's Ghadames Basin. Classical models (Dawson & Paslay, Lubinski) alongside finite element simulations are applied. Parameters examined include pipe size, annular gap, well inclination, torque, and friction coefficient. Findings indicate that axial compression rises with higher friction and inclination. Torque reduces critical buckling load by only 1–3%. Lock-up occurs when helical friction equals applied compression. Threaded connections withstand compression better than the pipe body. These outcomes offer practical guidance for bottomhole assembly optimization, reducing non-productive time, and improving drilling performance in high-angle wells.
Supra-Umbilical 10 mm Port Site Management in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Closure versus Non-Closure
Background: Port site complications, including port site hernia, bleeding, and infection, are uncommon but may depend on port size and location, trocar characteristics, patient-related factors, and surgeon experience. The necessity of routine fascial sheath closure for 10-mm supra-umbilical ports remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of fascial sheath closure versus non-closure of the supra-umbilical 10-mm port site during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials & Methods: This prospective comparative study included 72 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Sirt Oncology Center and Ibn Sina Hospital, Libya, between August 2024 and February 2025. Patients were alternately allocated into two groups: Group A (fascial sheath closure using 0 Prolene with skin closure using 3/0 Prolene) and Group B (no fascial sheath closure, skin closure only with 3/0 Prolene). A sharp 10-mm trocar was inserted through the linea alba at the supra-umbilical port site. Patients were followed for 1–4 months for port site complications. Results: No cases of port site hernia, bleeding, or infection were recorded in either group during the follow-up period. The incidence of port site complications was 0% in both groups. Conclusion: Fascial sheath closure of 10-mm supra-umbilical port sites increases operative time and procedural cost and may carry a risk of inadvertent visceral or omental injury. In experienced hands, routine fascial sheath closure of 10-mm supra-umbilical ports may not be necessary. Larger randomized studies with longer follow-up are recommended to confirm these findings.
Dietary Literacy and the Perception of Diet’s Impact on Dental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study among Students of the Faculty of Dentistry, Sirte University
This study aimed to assess the level of dietary literacy and the perception of nutritional impacts on oral health among undergraduate dental students. A descriptive, cross-sectional research design was employed at the Faculty of Dentistry, Sirte University. The study population consisted of students enrolled from the first through the fourth academic years. A total of 114 participants were recruited using a randomized convenience sampling method. Data were collected via a validated, self-administered questionnaire designed to evaluate knowledge across four key domains: cariogenicity, protective factors, periodontal nutrition, and oral physiology. The results indicated an overall Moderate level of dietary literacy (Mean = 3.46). While students demonstrated high awareness regarding the systemic role of calcium and the risks of solid sticky foods, they significantly underestimated the cariogenic potential of sugar-sweetened beverages. Additionally, knowledge concerning the specific biochemical impact of micronutrients on periodontal health was found to be superficial. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between second- and third-year students across most domains (P>0.05). However, a small statistically significant difference was observed in the Protective Dietary Factors domain (P=0.048), although the overall pattern suggested a plateau in learning during the pre-clinical transition. Consequently, the study recommends the vertical integration of nutritional science within the curriculum, with an emphasized focus on correcting misconceptions regarding liquid sugars and reinforcing the clinical application of periodontal nutrition.
Modeling and Analysis of Environmental Effects on Photovoltaic Cell Characteristics Using MATLAB
This work analyzes the operational dynamics of a photovoltaic module under varying weather conditions. It specifically emphasizes the joint effects of ambient temperature, solar irradiance, and atmospheric turbidity on the overall electrical performance. Numerical simulations were performed to obtain the electrical behavior, specifically the I–V and P–V output curves, which were examined under diverse operating points, including temperatures from 0°C to 75°C and insolation levels from 400W/m² to 1000W/m². Furthermore, atmospheric turbidity was incorporated into the model to evaluate its attenuation influence on the incident spectral irradiance reaching the PV module. The results indicate that, when evaluated under the reference environment of standard test conditions (STC: 25°C, 1000W/m²), PV module achieves a maximum output power (Pmax of approximately 105W). While the short-circuit current and maximum power generation are markedly amplified when solar irradiance scales from 400 W/m² to 1000 W/m², the open-circuit voltage remains relatively stable, showing only marginal fluctuations. In contrast, when the operating thermal conditions scale from 0°C up to 75°C, a noticeable degradation in performance occurs, reducing Pmax to approximately 80W as a result of the decreased output voltage. Moreover, atmospheric turbidity was found to adversely affect the PV performance by attenuating the incident solar radiation, resulting in reduction in the maximum power output under identical irradiance conditions. Overall, the obtained results confirm that temperature mainly affects the voltage characteristics of the PV module, whereas atmospheric turbidity substantially decreases the generated current due to solar radiation attenuation. These outcomes provide useful guidance for the optimization and reliable deployment of photovoltaic systems in dusty and aerosol-rich environments.
Thermal and Structural Performance of RCC Dams under Derna Climatic Conditions: A Numerical Study
The sequence of construction and the surrounding environmental conditions of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) dams play a significant role in the temperature distribution and the variation of stress fields within the dam body. The Bu Mansur Dam, originally designed as a conventional rockfill embankment dam, was selected in this study to verify the adopted numerical procedure. In addition, the feasibility of RCC technology is investigated as an alternative construction method to reduce project costs and enhance overall competitiveness. This study takes into account several key parameters, including the adiabatic temperature rise, the sequence of concrete placement, potential construction interruptions, the existence of internal galleries, and variations in climatic conditions. A numerical model that accounts for aging effects and temperature-dependent material properties is employed to simulate the concrete behaviour. Structural integrity with respect to crack initiation over time is evaluated using a crack safety factor. The results indicate that, due to the high ambient temperatures, combined with intense solar radiation, the occurrence of through-cracks in the Bu Mansur Dam is unavoidable in the absence of proper thermal control measures.
Prevalence Of Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection Among Women Presenting With Vaginitis Symptoms At Al-Massara Clinic , Houn City, Libya
Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. This infection primarily affects women, leading to symptoms such as vaginitis, characterized by vaginal discharge, itching, and discomfort. Despite its high prevalence, many cases remain asymptomatic or undiagnosed, contributing to its continued spread. In Libya, the epidemiological data on T. vaginalis infection is limited, particularly in rural and suburban areas. Aim of study: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in women presenting with vaginitis symptoms at Al-Massara Clinic in Houn city, Libya, providing valuable insights into the local burden of this infection. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among 300 women attending the obstetrics and Gynecology clinic at Al-Massara in Hun city, Libya, during 2022year. Vaginal secretion samples were collected and examined using wet mount microscopy with saline solution for parasite motility and Giemsa-stained smears for detailed structural identification. Results: The present results revealed significant associations between infection rates and demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors. The highest prevalence was observed among women aged 15–24 years (94.23%), with rates decreasing in older groups. Married women (62.01%) and rural residents (54.47%) exhibited higher infection rates compared to unmarried women (15.20%) and urban residents (22.28%). Infection was inversely related to educational level, with the highest prevalence in illiterate women (64.28%) and the lowest in those with higher education (18.42%). Vaginal discharge characteristics strongly correlated with infection, with 100% positivity in women with white or yellow discharge. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health strategies, including education, routine screening, and improved healthcare access, to address T. vaginalis infections in underserved populations.
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The Efficacy of Adding Midazolam As An Adjuvant To Lidocaine Bupivacaine Mixture In Ultrasound Guided Supraclavicular Block
Background: Brachial plexus block is useful technique that serves as a valuable alternative to general anesthesia for procedures involving the upper limbs. It provides optimal muscle relaxation, stable intra-operative hemodynamics and effective post-operative pain control. The purpose of this work was to assess the effectiveness of adding midazolam to local anesthetic mixture (lidocaine /bupivacaine) for analgesia and anesthesia in supraclavicular block with ultrasound-guidance during upper limb surgeries. Patients and methods: 40 patients from those scheduled to unilateral upper limb surgery below the level of midarm.at our hospital. The patients were allocated into two equal groups. Group ''M'' (lidocaine bupivacaine) mixture + Midazolam, and group ''C'' (lidocaine bupivacaine). Results Our results showed that there was no difference between the two groups regarding sensory onset. In contrast, patients in group M showed an earlier onset of motor block. Furthermore, both sensory and motor block durations were longer in Midazolam than control group. There was no difference between the 2 groups regarding respiratory rate, ECG, blood pressure, pulse rate and oxygen saturation. Conclusion: From of the findings of this study, we conclude that adding midazolam to mixture of bupivacaine 0.25 % and Lidocaine 1 % for supraclavicular brachial plexus block results in rapid onset of sensory block and prolongs both sensory and motor block duration.
From Pulp Preservation to Root Canal Therapy: Exploring Decision-Making in Pulpal Disease Management
Background: Timely and accurate diagnosis of pulpal disease is essential for determining appropriate treatment ranging from conservative pulp preservation techniques to root canal therapy (RCT). Understanding dentists’ clinical choices and their diagnostic rationale helps improve patient outcomes and guides evidence-based practice. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making approaches used by dentists in managing pulpal disease, with a focus on the preference for pulp-preserving techniques versus root canal treatment. Methods: A structured, validated questionnaire was distributed to licensed dental practitioners. A total of 329 responses were collected. The questionnaire assessed diagnostic methods, treatment preferences, use of advanced tools, and clinician confidence levels. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and percentages. Results: The most commonly used diagnostic tools were thermal testing (76.3%), evaluation of spontaneous pain (68.1%), and radiographic imaging (61.4%). Conservative treatments were preferred: 34.3% selected indirect pulp capping and 24.3% opted for partial pulpotomy. Root canal therapy was chosen by 14.9% of respondents. While 51.1% expressed high confidence in their diagnostic decisions, 13% reported uncertainty. Conclusion: The findings highlight a growing shift among dentists toward conservative, biologically oriented management of pulpal disease, supported by modern diagnostic techniques and evolving clinical guidelines. Despite this positive trend, variability in confidence and adoption of diagnostic tools suggests a need for continued professional development and standardized protocols.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-Efficacy Toward Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Among Intensive Care Unit Healthcare Professionals at a secondary healthcare facility (Ibn Sina teaching hospital – Sirte)
Background: The effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is critically dependent on the capacity and preparedness of health professionals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of CPR among health professionals in the intensive care unit (ICU) at Ibn Sina Hospital in Sirte City, Libya. Methods: A cross -sectional study was conducted among 27 ICU health professionals, including doctors, anesthesia and intensive care technicians, nurses and other specialists. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, CPR training and experience, attitudes to resuscitation and theoretical knowledge, which was assessed through a 15-point test. Results: The study included 27 participants (59.3% male, 40.7% female), including 7 doctors (25.9%), 14 anesthesia and intensive care technicians (51.9%), 3 nurses (11.1%) and 3 other professionals (11.1%). Most (88.8%) had received formal CPR training, and 63.0% had performed CPR before. The attitudes were overwhelmingly positive, with 100% of the participants who agreed that CPR knowledge is an essential part of their work. However, a significant knowledge gap was identified; Only 18.5% of participants scored more than 85% in the theoretical knowledge test, while 33.3% scored less than 65%. While 81.5% believed that their training was sufficient, only 55.5% were confident in their ability to save lives by using their CPR skills. Conclusion:. Despite overwhelming positive attitudes towards the importance of CPR, there are significant failings in theoretical knowledge among health services in ICU at the place of the study. These findings highlight the urgent need for arranged, routine and practical CPR training programs to bridge the lacuna between the approach and the ability, thus improving patient results in cardiac arrests
Evaluation of the Effect of Chemical Acids on Breaking Seed Dormancy of Retama raetam
This study investigated the effectiveness of concentrated mineral acids—sulphuric (H₂SO₄), hydrochloric (HCl), and nitric (HNO₃)—in breaking the physical seed dormancy of Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb, a key leguminous shrub in arid and semi-arid ecosystems of North Africa. Mature seeds were treated with each acid for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours under controlled laboratory conditions using a completely randomised design. Germination percentage, mean germination rate, and germination speed index were measured to assess treatment efficiency. Results revealed significant differences among treatments (p ≤ 0.001). Sulphuric acid proved most effective, achieving up to 95% germination when exposure lasted 12–24 hours, owing to its capacity to erode lignified and suberised seed coat layers without harming the embryo. Hydrochloric acid showed moderate efficacy at shorter durations (6–12 h), primarily softening the outer testa. In contrast, nitric acid caused oxidative injury and poor germination (<20%) due to its strong oxidising effect on embryonic tissues. The findings confirm that seed coat impermeability is the primary cause of dormancy in R. raetam and can be overcome effectively by controlled sulphuric acid scarification. The study provides a reproducible and low-cost germination protocol applicable to native desert legumes. Ecologically, enhancing R. raetam propagation supports sand dune stabilisation, rangeland rehabilitation, and desertification control in Libya and similar arid environments. This research contributes to the optimisation of propagation techniques for drought-adapted flora and underscores the ecological value of chemical scarification in restoration programmes.
Bacterial Uropathogens in Urinary Tract Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns among Patients Attending at Tobruk Medical Center, Tobruk, Libya
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain one of the most widespread infectious diseases globally and represent a major cause of morbidity across all age groups. This study aimed to identify the bacterial pathogens responsible for UTIs and to evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Midstream urine samples were collected from patients attending Tobruk Medical Center, Libya, between August and October 2023, and processed according to standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Among 130 urine specimens analyzed, 78 (60%) yielded significant bacterial growth. Females accounted for the majority of positive cultures (55; 42%), compared to males (23; 17.9%). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the predominant uropathogens. Both organisms exhibited high sensitivity to carbapenems (Imipenem and Meropenem), while showing considerable resistance to Cefotaxime and Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole. These findings highlight the need for ongoing antimicrobial surveillance and rational antibiotic prescribing to curb rising resistance rates.
Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Aqueous Plant Extracts Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
This study examined the antifungal activity of cold aqueous extracts from ten locally available plant species in Libya against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, the causal agent of tomato wilt disease. The pathogen was isolated from infected tomato plants collected in the Ain Zara region and identified through cultural and microscopic characteristics, with confirmation using Komada selective medium. Plant materials were extracted by cold maceration, and the resulting solutions were tested using the poisoned food technique at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%. Clear differences were recorded among the plant extracts in their ability to inhibit fungal growth. Clove extract was the most effective, achieving complete inhibition at concentrations of 40% and above. Garlic, thyme, and pomegranate peel also showed strong antifungal activity, with garlic producing full inhibition at 80–100% and thyme at concentrations of 60% and higher. In contrast, extracts of wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba) and oleander (Nerium oleander) caused minimal inhibition even at maximum concentration. Microscopic observations revealed that the most active extracts significantly reduced the formation of macroconidia and microconidia after 14 days, while chlamydospores remained less affected. Preliminary phytochemical screening indicated that the highly active extracts contained phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and alkaloids, compounds known to disrupt fungal structures and interfere with essential metabolic processes. These findings demonstrate that aqueous plant extracts—particularly clove, garlic, thyme, and pomegranate—offer promising, environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic fungicides. Further greenhouse and field studies are recommended to evaluate their applicability within sustainable disease management programs for tomato production in Libya.
Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies among Babies born In IBN SINA TEACHING Hospital Sirte-Libya during 2024 (Retracted)
Congenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. This study assessed their prevalence, classifications, associated risk factors, and clinical outcomes among neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital, Sirte Libya, all over 2024 Methodology: cross-sectional study conducted among neonates delivered at Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital Sirte-Libya from 1st January 2024 to 31 December 2024. Data collected in special book prepared to include to newborns and maternal variables important in this research including gestational age maternal detailed obstetric history mother, consanguinity and another variable. Result: Among 53 infants with congenital anomalies, the mortality rate was 22.64%. The most common anomalies were syndromic including trisomy 21, trisomy18, followed by gastrointestinal anomalies. Conclusion: Congenital anomalies impose a considerable burden on neonatal health in this population. Risk factors identified included consanguinity, maternal ages, and specific maternal conditions. These findings emphasize the need for evidence-based, targeted interventions to enhance maternal and neonatal outcomes.
A Geomorphological and Environmental Evaluation of Coastal Cliffs Collapse in the Bardai Region, North-eastern Libya
Due to its carbonate-dominated lithology and exposure to tectonic and marine forces, the Bardai coastal region in eastern Libya is extremely susceptible to cliff collapse. The Bardai cliffs' instability has increased due to micro-fracturing caused by recent seismic activity in the eastern Mediterranean, including moderate to powerful earthquakes in Greece and Turkey. Active retreat, undercutting, and massive rockfalls that endanger human safety and coastal ecosystems were found during field observations Similarly, the region's geological formations, such as Al-Jaghoub, Al-Faydiya, and Al-Abraq, cause the rocks to fracture and fragment due to the pressure of the Al-Jaghoub formation layers on other delicate formations. By creating shockwaves that travel through pre-fractured strata, illicit fishing methods involving underwater explosives beneath rocky cliffs have accelerated structural weakening in addition to natural forces. In order to reduce future risks in the Bardai area, it is imperative to assess coastal hazards and implement sustainable management strategies in light of the combined natural and human pressures.
AI-Powered Waste Management in Sirte Municipality
Waste management is one of the most prominent environmental challenges facing contemporary societies, with increasing waste quantities due to population growth and urban expansion. This study aims to explore the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in improving waste management within Sirte Municipality, by following a Descriptive Analytical and Case Study Approach. The researchers developed a working AI-based application model and presented it as a case study to analyze its theoretical feasibility and expected impact on waste management efficiency in the local context. The study results showed that integrating artificial intelligence into waste management systems represents a promising step towards achieving environmental sustainability, by improving sorting processes, reducing waste, and increasing recycling efficiency. The study also recommended the necessity of adopting this applied model by Sirte Municipality and the concerned service companies, and utilizing AI technologies to enhance productivity and reduce waste, contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals.
High Speed Sintering (HSS) Modelling and prediction via Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN)
An additive manufacturing technique called High Speed Sintering (HSS) has enormous potential for producing intricate, superior polymer parts on a large scale. HSS process is modelled in this paper using a novel Radial Basis Function neural network (RBFNN) technique. The data gathered from the HSS process was analysed to determine the healthy/unhealthy data that could achieve a good/bad build. A powerful technique is developed for early fault detection (FD) and, consequently, to predict the quality of the parts produced using HSS. The RBFNN model was validated and tested to assess the robustness of the approach, and the simulation outcomes demonstrated that the faults could be clearly identified, and the quality of the produced parts possibly will be predicted.
Radial Basis Function neural network (RBFNN)
Reducing Oxidation through Multi-Technique Synthesis: Impact on Phase Purity of Fe-Sb Alloys via XRD and Microstructural Study
In this study, Fe-Sb alloy samples were synthesized using various processing techniques with the aim of reducing oxidation and enhancing phase purity. While samples S1 and S2 were prepared in a tube furnace under nitrogen atmosphere, sample S3 was synthesized using a vacuum-assisted current-heating method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a multiphase composition, with FeSb₂ emerging as the dominant phase in the S3 sample. Secondary phases such as elemental Sb, metallic Fe, and a trace amount of Sb2O3 were also identified. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the correlation between the synthesis environment, oxidation degree, and microstructural uniformity. The vacuum-based synthesis of sample S3 effectively minimized oxygen incorporation, resulting in improved phase formation and structural integrity. These findings suggest that controlled synthesis under vacuum conditions is essential for optimizing Fe-Sb alloy systems, particularly when targeting intermetallic phases like FeSb₂ with minimal oxide contamination.
Remarkable Recovery of Low-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome, A case of complete Hematologic Remission .
Background: Pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome is rare and typically presents with unexplained cytopenias. We report a case of a previously healthy 14-year-old male presenting with severe pancytopenia diagnosed as low-risk MDS ,who showed a marked hematologic response to immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine and eltrombopag. Case Presentation: The patient presented with dizziness and severe pancytopenia (anemia , Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia ). Initial workup excluded nutritional deficiencies, viral etiologies, and hemolysis. Bone marrow biopsy revealed hypocellular marrow with rare megakaryocytes and blasts at 2%, consistent with Myelodysplastic sydrome. Management included Intensive care unite admission, transfusions, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and eltrombopag. Substantial hematologic improvement was seen within three months. Conclusion: Immunosuppressive therapy resulted in full hematologic recovery and normalization of bone marrow function. This case underscores the importance of early recognition and prompt treatment of pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome .
Evaluation of the activity levels and the radiological hazards associated with the imported chemical fertilizers used in Libya
This study provides a preliminary assessment of the levels of natural radioactivity in ten types of local chemical fertilizers collected from markets in Libya. The primary objective was to determine the activity concentrations of the naturally occurring radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40Kl and subsequently evaluate the associated radiological hazard indices. ​Measurements were performed using gamma spectrometry with NaI (Tl) 3″ × 3″ detector. The determined activity concentration ranges were: 226Ra, 232Th and 40Klwere 65.27 ± 3.9–97.46 ± 5.09, 70.26 ± 4–86.3 ± 2.36, and 76.77 ± 7.43–131.79 ± 8.8 Bq kg−1, respectively Furthermore, the calculated radiological parameters showed the following ranges: Radium Equivalent Activity from 174.57 to 228.75 Bq kg−1 Cancer Risk Factor from 0.09 to 0.12 and Absorbed Dose Rate from 77.05 to 101.45 nGy h-1 The obtained concentration and hazard values were systematically compared with established international permissible levels by [UNSEAR 2016]. This research offers crucial baseline data for the radiation safety assessment of chemical fertilizers in Libya .
Enhancing the Efficiency of Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines through Direct Injection Strategies and Thermal Management
Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H2-ICEs) present a promising alternative to conventional fossil-fueled engines due to their potential for zero carbon emissions and high efficiency. However, several challenges remain in optimizing their performance, including low volumetric efficiency, pre-ignition tendencies, and thermal losses. This study focuses on improving the efficiency and performance of H2-ICEs through advanced direct injection (DI) strategies and effective thermal management techniques. Direct injection of hydrogen allows for better control of the combustion process, reducing the risk of knock and backfire while enhancing power output by improving air-fuel mixing and volumetric efficiency. The timing and pressure of injection play a critical role in achieving optimal combustion. Additionally, managing heat within the engine through techniques such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), advanced cooling systems, and thermal barrier coatings helps maintain optimal operating temperatures, reduce heat losses, and improve overall efficiency. By integrating advanced DI systems with thermal management approaches, this research aims to develop a comprehensive strategy for maximizing the performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines, making them a more viable and sustainable solution for future transportation and energy applications.
Effect of ethanolic extract of Ashwagandha and its isolated linoleic acid on the oxidative and reductive biomarkers in rats with induced neurodegeneration
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of an alcoholic extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and the fatty acid isolated from it on oxidative and reductive biomarkers in rats whose neurodegenerative disorders were induced by trichloroethylene (TCE). Laboratory animals were divided into eight groups. The first group (negative control) received only distilled water. The second one (positive control) had the disease induced by TCE. The third one was treated with linoleic acid, the fourth with palmitic acid, and the fifth with the alcoholic extract. The sixth group received linoleic acid along with the alcoholic extract. The seventh one received palmitic acid along with the alcoholic extract, and the eighth one received linoleic acid first, followed by the induced disease. The results showed that the TCE-treated rats had a significant decrease in GSH, GPx, and UA and a significant increase in MDA compared to the negative controls. Rats treated with linoleic acid, alcoholic extract, a combination of both, and the pre-treatment linoleic acid group showed noticeable increases in GSH, GPx, and UA and noticeable decreases in MDA compared to the positive control group. Rats treated with palmitic acid showed significant increases in GPx and significant decreases in GSH, MDA, and UA compared to the positive control group. Rats injected with palmitic acid and the extract showed noticeable increases in GSH and GPx and noticeable decreases in MDA and UA compared to the positive control group. Accordingly, this study tried to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Ashwagandha extract and the linoleic acid isolated from it against TCE-induced neurodegeneration in rats.
Performance Assessment of Cathodic Protection Systems for Buried Pipelines under Desert Conditions in Libya
Buried pipelines play a crucial role in transporting oil, gas, and water but are often exposed to external corrosion, particularly in dry, high-resistivity desert soils. Cathodic Protection (CP) applied either by sacrificial anodes (GACP) or by impressed current systems (ICCP) is widely adopted to control corrosion, yet its efficiency largely depends on coating condition, soil characteristics, and the uniformity of current flow. This research investigates the performance of an ICCP system protecting a 10 km underground steel pipeline located in Sabha, southwestern Libya. Field evaluations were conducted during the driest season using Close-Interval Potential Survey (CIPS), Direct Current Voltage Gradient (DCVG) measurements, and anode current readings. Results indicated several under-protected sections with potentials between −0.76 and −0.82 V (Cu/CuSO₄, instant-OFF), corresponding to coating deterioration and restricted current spread. Statistical assessment revealed that soil resistivity, coating quality, and current imbalance jointly influence the level of protection achieved. System optimization through rectifier recalibration, installation of additional sacrificial anodes, and combined CIPS–DCVG inspections improved the overall protection. The outcomes demonstrate that the conventional −0.85 V protection limit may not fully apply under arid conditions and suggest the adoption of adaptive hybrid CP systems supported by real-time monitoring to ensure long-term pipeline integrity.
Evaluation of the Quality of Bottled Water Available in Benghazi, Libya
Water quality indices serve as effective tool for evaluating overall water quality. They are beneficial for decision- makers, stakeholders, and individuals lacking extensive expertise in the numerous parameters that define water quality. This study evaluates the quality of drinking water by employing the weighted arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQI) method, utilizing various physicochemical parameters from five different brands of bottled water available in Benghazi City, Libya. The WQI was calculated for the 14 physicochemical parameters (EC, TDS, pH, total hardness, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, Bicarbonate HCO3-, sulphate, NTU, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, and Na+). All brands demonstrated excellent quality of drinking water as indicated by their Water Quality Index (WQI) values.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of treating broad bean seeds with fungicides on germination and plant growth
The current study was carried out in a laboratory and a greenhouse at the Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Sirte, during the 2024/2025 season, to determine the effects of soaking faba beans in four different fungicides (Moncerin 25%, Topsin–M70, Rizolex-T50%, and Vitavax-200) on germination percentage and some morphological traits of faba beans under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. These treatments were distributed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The laboratory results showed that the Moncerin 25% fungicide achieved the highest values of faba bean germination percentage after 3, 5, 7, and 10 days, followed by Topsin–M70, while the control treatment had the lowest germination percentage values. Furthermore, compared to the control, which recorded lower values of seed dressing germination percentage, Vitavax-200 recorded the highest dressing germination percentage after 3, 5, 7, and 10 days, followed by Moncerin 25% and Rizolex -T50%. This was true for all fungicides tested. However, in a greenhouse, seed soaking with 25% Moncerin, Rizolex T50%, and Topsin-M70 had a highly significant impact on shoot length, number of leaves, and fresh weight. Furthermore, compared to Rizolex T50% and Moncerin 25%, the germination percentage of faba bean seed soaking was greater with Vitavax-200, Topsin-M70 (83%), and control.
The Prevalence and Association of Micronutrient Deficiencies with Hair Loss in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Hair loss is one of the most frequent dermatological complaints that causes significant stress not only for adult patients but also for children and adolescents and their families. Since the latter are more prone to metabolic deficiencies, the association between this complaint and micronutrient deficiencies is worth evaluating. This study did not explore the prevalence of the disease among the specified age group but only found the association between micronutrient deficiency (vitamin D and iron) among the selected study sample. Methods: a cross-sectional observational study, the study sample was taken from a dermatology clinic in the city of Sirte – Libya, over a time period of 6 months, patients were selected according to their clinical presentation (two main complaints: hair loss and alopecia areata) and according to age (from birth to 15 years old), after careful history, clinical examination and investigations, a total of 35 cases were included and their serum levels of Vit D, Ferritin and calcium were registered and analyzed by SPSS program. Results: A total of 35 cases were evaluated, comprising 27 female and 8 male patients. The mean age of the participants was 11.03 years, with a median age of 12 years and a standard deviation of 3.50198. Of the cases examined, 29 patients (82.86%) reported experiencing hair loss, while 8 patients (17.14%) were diagnosed with alopecia areata. Within the hair loss group, 96.55% were found to have low levels of vitamin D, 34.48% presented with low serum calcium, and 68.97% exhibited low serum iron levels. Among the patients with alopecia areata, 83.3% had a deficiency in vitamin D, 50% had hypocalcemia, and 100% exhibited iron deficiency. Conclusion: The findings indicate a significant prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies associated with hair loss and alopecia areata in children and adolescents. This observation may suggest a potential etiological relationship between these deficiencies and hair-related symptoms. Nevertheless, further large-scale studies are necessary to validate this association.