Scientific Journal for Faculty of Science-Sirte University
The Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Sirte is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published electronically on a semi-annual basis, in April and October. The journal is freely accessible through its official website, ensuring wide dissemination of published content. It welcomes original research of high scientific quality across all disciplines of basic sciences—both theoretical and applied—including mathematics, statistics, physics, chemistry, zoology, botany, microbiology, astronomy, computer science, information technology, geology, environmental sciences, and marine and ocean sciences. The journal accepts various types of scholarly contributions, including original articles, review papers, short communications, methodological papers, case studies, case reports, and special issues from scientific conferences and seminars endorsed by the Faculty’s Scientific Research Authority. Submissions are welcomed from both within the University of Sirte and from other academic institutions in Libya and abroad. The journal was established by Presidential Decision No. (11) dated April 29, 2021, and the editorial board was appointed by Decision No. (194) dated May 25, 2021.
Checklist of Medicinal Plants in the Central Plateau of Al- Batnan, Libya.
This research was undertaken to explore the variety and distribution of medicinal species in the central plateau of Al-Batnan. The study area was randomly divided into five zones. Between March 2023 and October 2024, a series of field surveys were conducted to collect plant samples. The findings revealed a total of 36 medicinal plant species, belonging to 22 families and 35 genera. The Lamiaceae family had the highest number of genera, with five genera and five species. Fabaceae ranked second, with four genera and four species. According to the study, the dominant life form of medicinal plants in the surveyed region was Chamaephytes (25%), followed by Hemicryptophytes (22.3%, 8 species), and then Phanerophytes and Therophytes (19.4% each, represented by 7 species each). Geophytes accounted for 13.9% (5 species). The results also showed that perennial plants constituted the largest proportion of medicinal plants in the area, representing 80.6%. Additionally, plants from genera known for their medicinal importance were recorded, including Artemisia, Thymus, Salvia, Teucrium, Ziziphus, and Peganum.
Central plateau, Al-Batnan, medical plants, Chamaephytes, botanical survey, flora, biodiversity, life forms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Scientific Journal for Faculty of Science-Sirte University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artemisia herba-alba: Phytochemical Profile, Bioactive Compounds, Pharmacological and Anticancer Properties: A Systematic Review
White wormwood, known in Arabic as “shih,” scientifically referred to as Artemisia herba-alba, is a perennial shrub belonging to the Asteraceae family and widely distributed across arid and semi-arid regions of North Africa and the Middle East. The use of Artemisia herba-alba in traditional medicine has occurred over time owing to its phytochemical content of essential oils, sesquiterpenes, lactones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins and sterols. Environmental and geographical factors influence qualitative and quantitative variation in bioactive compounds; hence they subsequently affect the plant’s biological activity. A substantial number of pharmacological studies confirm A. herba-alba’s broad spectrum of antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective effects. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that A. herba-alba has anticancer properties by inhibiting proliferative activity of cancer cells and inducing apoptosis through modulation of cellular signaling pathways. Due to differences in extraction methodologies between studies and varying experimental designs, direct comparison of results from different researchers is difficult. Therefore, in order to present a comprehensive overview of recent information on A. herba-alba, this article reviews the plant’s botanical characteristics, its phytochemical constituents, and its pharmacological activities to evaluate its potential as a natural source of drugs and highlight the necessity for more well-designed studies with appropriate experimental methodology to confirm the effectiveness of Artemisia herba-alba for use as a therapeutic agent.
herba-alba, Anticancer, phytochemistry, pharmacological, White wormwood, Systematic Review
Assessment of Soft Wheat Genotypes Triticum aestivum L for Drought Tolerance at Germination and Early Seedling Growth Stages.
Drought has a harmful influence on the development and production of wheat crop. The response of soft wheat Triticum aestivum L plants to drought varies depending on the plant variety and growth stage. This study aimed to screen five genotypes of soft wheat to determine which genotypes are tolerant to drought stress at germination and seedling growth stages. Five genotypes of wheat plants were treated with two levels of drought in addition to the control. During the germination stage, wheat seeds were exposed to two levels 5 and 10% of Polyethylene Glycol 6000 solution. The study was planned according to a completely randomized design, with (45) experimental units, with (15) experimental units for each level of drought in addition to the control treatment, and with (3) replicates for each genotype. The results varied depending on the response of wheat genotype to drought. The findings revealed that there were very significant differences (P<0.001)) in both the seedling vigor index and the drought tolerance index traits, and a highly significant difference (P<0.01)) in the germination percentage trait under increasing severity of drought. In addition, the study revealed the presence of some drought-tolerant genotypes, and based on the drought tolerance index (%), the genotype (MEW22-1) is considered the most drought-tolerant at the germination stage. The study recommends further research and studies to assess the effect of drought on the growth and productivity of crops under field conditions and at different stages of plant life.
Taxonomic Note on Fagonia isotricha Murb. (Zygophyllum mayanum (Schltdl.) Christenh. and Byng) from Libya.
This study presents a taxonomic note on Fagonia isotricha Murb. (Zygophyllaceae), a species recorded in Libya and currently treated as a taxonomic synonym of Zygophyllum mayanum. Global taxonomic databases, such as those curated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and World Flora Online, recognize this taxon as part of the Libyan flora under its currently accepted nomenclature. This study provides field-based and morphological documentation of populations observed in the Ariggiba region (southern Libya), and discusses their taxonomic placement within the Fagonia–Zygophyllum complex. Herbarium specimens were collected, examined, and deposited, supporting the occurrence of this taxon in the Libyan flora.
Review on the Beauty and Interplay Chebyshev Polynomials: Some Properties and Identities of the First Four Kinds
This paper present a sysmatic treatment of the four classical kinds of Chebyshev polynomials within a common analytic form. Although the first two kinds are widely recognised and routinly applied in approximation theory and numericall analysis, the third and fourth kinds have received comparatively less attention, despite their distintive properties. We consolidate and extends known results, derive some identities, and present new generating functions, both ordinary and exponential that reveal deeper connection among these families. Additionally, we provide systematic derivations of monomial expansion, and explicit formulas for derivatives. A unified framework for the interconnecting identities among all four kinds is established, facilitating their application in spectral methods and numerical analysis.
Chebyshev polynomial, Jacobi polynomial orthogonality, Generating function
Influence of Phenotypic Body Measurements on Reproductive Efficiency of Indigenous Barbary Ewes in the Al-Sekt Region, Libya
This study was conducted in Misurata city, Al-Sikt area included a sample of (6 twin-birthed and 10 single-birthed females). The weights of these females varied, ranging from 40 to 64.5 kg, While the ages of these females ranged between 3 to 6 years. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of apparent anthropometric parameters such as weight, body length, body height, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, abdominal height, and wither circumference on the reproductive performance of the well-known local Barbary females. The results showed that the averages of these parameters were (50 ± 1.8 kg, 73.5 ± 1.2, 78.7 ± 0.9, 90.7 ± 1.6, 105 ± 2.2, 37 ± 0.7, 39.4 ± 0.4, and 8.3 ± 0.1 cm) respectively, reflecting the observed differences in anthropometric parameters. The study also showed a significant effect (P<0.05) of these measures on the reproductive efficiency of local, as females that gave birth to twins outperformed females that gave birth to singletons in body measurements, indicating the importance of these measures in determining reproductive productivity levels.
Reproductive efficiency, Barbary sheep, Body measurements, Productivity.
Evaluation the Role of Melatonin and Cortisol in Thalassemia Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia
The study included the estimation of some biochemical variables in thalassemia patients with sickle cell anemia of both sexes, comparing them with a group of healthy control. The study included (43) cases collected from Al-Hadba Hospital in Mosul city and was divided into two groups: the first group consisted of 20 patients, and the second group included 23 healthy cases. Levels of melatonin and cortisol were analyzed, in addition to other blood indicators such as hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), and platelets (PLT). The results showed that thalassemia patients with sickle cell anemia suffered from a significant decrease in hemoglobin levels compared to healthy individuals, along with varying increases in white blood cell and platelet counts. Moreover, melatonin concentration decreased, and cortisol increased significantly compared to the control group, with clear differences in some biomarkers between the two studied age categories. Higher levels of both melatonin and cortisol were recorded in females compared to males.
Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia, Melatonin, Cortisol
A Laboratory Computational Study for the Detection of Acrylamide in Coffee and Chips Products Using FTIR and DFT
The present study utilizes Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and density functional theory (DFT) to demonstrate that a range of products contain significant acrylamide components. The products under consideration are Tora Bika from Indonesia, Mokate from Poland, Chips box from Libya, as well as Averroes and Liz from Egypt. The analysis revealed the presence of acrylamide in all of the products, as indicated by the positive results for functional groups. However, the majority of the samples yielded negative results, indicating the absence of all the required groups. Samples containing the C-N functional group exhibited positive results for acrylamide, with samples C-2, C-10, P-1, P-2, and P-5 demonstrating positive signals. The computational results for acrylamide demonstrated a wavelength of 212.45 nanometers (nm), suggesting the presence of high energy due to the application of heat. Prior to the application of heat, the wavelengths of caffeine and amylose were measured to be 298.74 nm and 778.3 nm, respectively. Subsequent to the application of heat, the impact of acrylamide on the extinction coefficient of caffeine and amylose was examined, exhibiting a shift from 298.74 to 274.56 nm and from 778.3 to 244.88 nm, respectively. This phenomenon is attributed to the heightened energy derived from the roasting and cooking processes conducted at elevated temperatures. The polar moment of caffeine and amylose underwent a substantial shift, changing from 3.43 to 6.76 Debye and 7.09 to 15.42 Debye. This phenomenon is indicative of an increase in the density of the caffeine-amylose complex with acrylamide, which also causes a change in color to darker shades due to the increased density and concentration of acrylamide as a complex.
Coffee, Chips, Acrylamide, FTIR, DFT Simulation.
A Cytogenetic Review of Chromosomal Diversity and Karyotype Variation in Endemic Plants of El-Jabal El-Akhdar, Libya
The El-Jabal El-Akhdar region in northeastern Libya constitutes one of the most important centers of plant endemism within the country; however, cytogenetic information on its flora remains scarce. This review compiles available data on chromosome numbers and karyotype characteristics for 61 endemic taxa (54 species and 7 subspecies) belonging to 48 genera and 28 families, based on previously published studies and chromosme information documented in IPCN database. Somatic chromosome numbers have been reported for only (17/61≈27.87%) of these taxa, varying from 2n = 8 to 2n = 96, with diploidy representing the most common ploidy level (14.75%). Available karyotype studies indicate considerable variation in ploidy levels, karyotype symmetry and asymmetry, chromosome size, and the occurrence of satellite chromosomes. Marked chromosomal differences among closely related species highlight the value of karyotype data in plant taxonomy. Nevertheless, the majority of endemic taxa remain cytogenetically unexplored, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive cytogenetic investigations to clarify evolutionary relationships and to support effective conservation strategies.
plant endemism, chromosome number, karyotype variation, ploidy level, satellite chromosomes
Quantification of Heavy Metals in Marketed Fish from Tripoli, Libya and Evaluation of Health Risks via EDI And THQ
This study evaluated the potential human health risks associated with arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, and selenium in commonly consumed fish species from Tripoli, Libya. Eight commercially important species were analyzed, including Mullus surmuletus, Scomber japonicus, Euthynnus alletteratus, Pagrus pagrus, Mycteroperca rubra, Saurida undosquamis, Epinephelus marginatus, and Sardina pilchardus. The results indicated that the concentrations of most investigated metals were within internationally recognized safety limits. Estimated weekly intake values for the majority of species were below provisional tolerable intake thresholds, suggesting that current consumption patterns do not pose significant health risks. However, cadmium exposure from Euthynnus alletteratus exceeded recommended limits, while Scomber japonicus approached the threshold, highlighting species-specific concerns. In contrast, arsenic and lead exposures remained within acceptable limits across all samples. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment, based on the target hazard quotient, yielded values below the critical threshold for all metals, indicating negligible risk to consumers. Overall, these findings demonstrate that fish consumption in Tripoli is generally safe. Nevertheless, continued monitoring of heavy metal contamination, particularly cadmium and lead, is essential to ensure long-term food safety and support evidence-based dietary recommendations.
A Comparative Study of Sodium Sulfide and Sodium Hydroxide for Keratin Extraction from Waste Chicken Feathers Based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Keratin extraction from poultry feathers represents an environmentally sustainable approach for converting bio-waste into materials used in cosmetic and personal care applications, including shampoos, hair care formulations, skin creams, and related products. This study presents a comparative evaluation of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na2S) as extraction agents, with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) employed to optimize the operational parameters. The results demonstrated that NaOH was more effective in preserving peptide chain integrity and maintaining the structural stability of keratin, particularly under optimized conditions of 0.75 M concentration, 80 °C, and a 4 h, R² = 0.9285 extraction period. In contrast, the Na2S achieved higher extraction yields and recovered mass; however, this advantage was accompanied by an increased tendency toward partial protein degradation. Structural characterization using FT-IR and SEM analyses confirmed that keratin extracted with NaOH retained its characteristic β-sheet fibrous morphology, supporting its suitability for cosmetic and personal care applications that require high structural integrity.
Separation Keratin, Chicken Feather waste, RSM, XRD
Spectrophotometric and Selective Nickel(II) Detection by Dimethylglyoxime as an Optical Chemical
Owing to their remarkable selectivity, sensitivity, and rapid detection capabilities, optical sensors have garnered significant scholarly attention for the identification of various metal ions. Given its toxicological implications and pervasive application across numerous industrial processes, nickel(II) has become a focal point of research among metal ions. In recent years, a variety of optical chemical sensors exhibiting exceptional sensitivity and selectivity have been developed specifically for the detection of Ni(II). In the present study, a dimethylglyoxime(DMG) optical chemical sensor is employed to quantify trace amounts of Ni(II) using spectrophotometric techniques under controlled pH conditions. resulting in well-defined Ni(II) complex with characteristic absorption maxima at 568 nm. Optical sensing showed excellent linearity between absorbance and Ni(II) concentration, with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9952. and limits of detection (LOD) of 1×10-4. DMG has emerged as an effective effective reagent for the detection of Ni(II) ions in a range of aqueous samples functioning as an optical chemical sensor.
Solution structure; Optical chemical sensor; Spectrophotometric; Selective
Sensitivity Analysis for High and Low Risk Tuberculosis Model
This study investigates the sensitivity of parameters related to tuberculosis (TB). A proposed model is formulated based on a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, and hence a theoretical analysis of the model is conducted. The model is divided into six compartmental classes: susceptible, vaccinated, population which has high risk to become infection by (TB), population which has low risk to become infection by (TB), infectious, recovery individuals. The Next Generation Matrix (NGM) method is employed to calculate the basic reproduction number, which appeared as a form in several parameters, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the parameters that significantly influence.
Tuberculosis (TB), Next Generation Matrix, Basic Reproduction NumberR_0, Sensitivity, High risk, Low risk
Effect of Immersion Time and Kinetin Growth Regulator on Micro Tuber Formation for Spunta Potato
This study was conducted at plant Tissue culture department which, belongs to Biotechnology research center located in Tripoli . In this study, micro tubers of Spunta potato variety were obtained through use of liquid culture medium by using temporary immersion system (RITA). The effect of liquid medium immersion time on plant growth was studied, as well as the effect of adding the kinetin growth regulator at 5 mg / l with 8% sugar on number and weight of formed tubers was also studied. The results showed that increase of immersion time from 1 minute to 2.5 minutes has a significant effect on increasing number and weight of formed tubers in each treatment. The average of number of tubers increased from 8.42 to 17.14 and 21.14 tuber in the vessel respectively. The total mean number of tubers in each pot was also increased when the kinetin growth regulator was added from 20.28 to 28.85 and 32.71 tuber per pot respectively. The average of tubers weight in each jar was also increased from 4.10 to 9.92g when the kinetin growth regulator was added.
. Solanum tubersum temporary immersion system,.
Copyright (c) 2025 Scientific Journal for Faculty of Science-Sirte University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Magnetized Water on Imbibition, Germination, Macronutrient Content (N, P, K) and Yield of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Water scarcity and the deterioration of its quality represent the main obstacles to agricultural development in Libya, in addition to other challenges. This work was undertaken to investigate the effect of irrigation with magnetized water on the growth and productivity of zucchini plants (Cucurbita pepo L.). Three experiments were carried out: a laboratory experiment with three replicates per treatment, a plastic pot experiment with four replicates per treatment, and a field experiment with twelve replicates per treatment. Plants were watered with either magnetized or non-magnetized water, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The research focused on seed imbibition and germination percentage, the plant’s content of macronutrients (N, P, K), and total production. The outcomes found that irrigation with magnetized water had a significant effect on the mean ultimate yield of the harvest, 2.8692 kg compared to 1.279 kg for the non-magnetized. Regarding the average seed imbibition and germination percentage, as well as macronutrient content, the outcomes showed differences between the two treatments in favor of the magnetized treatment; however, these variances were not statistically significant. Based on these findings, it appears that this method has a promising role in improving certain plant growth traits, making it worthy of further investigation. Moreover, it may represent a new approach toward the optimal use of saline irrigation water in agricultural production.
Ecological Assessment of Water Quality and Aquatic Biodiversity in Macferson Lake, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
Abstract In this study, the physico-chemical parameters as well as the biological diversity of Macferson Lake, Allahabad (Prayagraj), Uttar Pradesh, India was studied during the period June, 2022 to May 2023. Seasonal sampling covered the inspecting of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolve solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), hardness and alkalinity and other parameters. Simultaneous biological studies determined phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic macro invertebrates, fishes and aquatic macrophytes. The outcomes showed moderate and poor quality of water, demonstrating the eutrophication process, and the presence of eichhornia crassipes as well as fish and invertebrates resistant to pollution. Possible strategies of conserving and restoring lakes are then mentioned.
Macferson Lake, Water quality, Biological diversity, Eutrophication, Lake restoration
Temporal Trends and Inter-Annual Variability of Iron, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin D Deficiencies in Ajdabiya, Libya (2022–2025)
Micronutrient deficiencies continue to pose a significant global health challenge, especially in areas grappling with socioeconomic constraints and poor dietary diversity. This study examined shifts in serum concentrations of iron (Fe), Vitamin B12 (vit B12), and vitamin D (vit D), spanning 2022 to 2025 among residents of Ajdabiya, Libya. The findings revealed notable year-to-year fluctuations. Fe levels peaked in 2022 (M = 75.06 µg/dL) but significantly dropped in 2023 (M = 45.19 µg/dL), experiencing a gradual recovery through 2024 and 2025. In contrast, vit B12 showed the lowest mean value in 2022 (M = 402.49 pg/mL) before surging to its highest level in 2023 (M = 524.16 pg/mL) and stabilizing thereafter. Vit D concentrations rose significantly in 2023 (M = 32.90 ng/mL) but experienced a modest decline over the subsequent two years. Elevated standard deviations for all biomarkers highlighted marked individual variability. Despite these inter-annual dynamics, deficiencies in Fe, vit B12, and vit D remain prevalent among the population of Ajdabiya. These findings underline the critical need for targeted nutritional interventions, diversification of diets, strategic supplementation, and proactive detection measures to combat micronutrient insufficiencies and reduce their potential health consequences over time.
Ajdabiya, Libya, Iron, Micronutrient deficiencies, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D.
Evaluation Role of Activated Charcoal and Growth Regulators on Enhancement of Thymus Capitatus Micropropagation
Due to the presence of bioactive compounds that have medicinal uses, the thyme plant (Thymus capitatus) is under increasing pressure. The population has continuously declined due to this pressure, which puts it at risk of depletion and extinction. The aim of this study is to identify effective ways to preserve this plant in vitro using plant tissue culture technique, as well as to pinpoint the key factors that contributed to its successful vegetative propagation, rooting, and acclimatization. Plant materials were collected from the Al-Shaafiyin region, followed by surface sterilization. They were then cultured on a medium supplemented with a combination of the growth regulators BA and NAA along with activated charcoal for vegetative propagation, another combination of IBA, NAA, and activated charcoal for rooting, and a separate formulation for plant acclimatization. The results showed that the best treatment for obtaining vegetative growth was the use of activated charcoal, which significantly outperformed all other treatments in terms of plant height, number of leaves, and number of branches, recording values of 3.03 cm, 76.4 leaves, and 5.5 branches, respectively. This is attributed to its ability to absorb growth-inhibiting substances. The results also indicated that activated charcoal was the most effective treatment for root development, showing a significant superiority over the other treatments, with an average of 5 roots and a root length of 6.2 cm. Activated charcoal improved the properties of the growth medium by adsorbing inhibitory compounds and providing a phenol-free environment conducive to root development. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrated that a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of soil and peat moss resulted in the highest plant survival rate (80%), which is likely due to the balanced physical and chemical properties of the mixture. The use of activated charcoal in micropropagation programs is recommended due to its effectiveness in enhancing both shoot and root development, thereby creating a more favorable environment for plant tissue growth. It is also advisable to avoid culture media lacking activated charcoal. For the acclimatization stage, a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of soil and peat moss is recommended, as it provides adequate aeration, moisture retention, and essential nutrients necessary for plant survival.
Characteristics of Forward-Backward Shower Particle Production from the Interactions of 28Si With Emulsion Nuclei at High Energy
This study investigates the characteristics of shower particles emitted in both forward and backward directions resulting from the interactions of 28Si nuclei with nuclear emulsion at relativistic energies of 4.5 and 14.5 A GeV c⁻¹. The primary objective is to examine the mean multiplicities, multiplicity distributions, forward–backward correlations, and pseudorapidity distributions of these particles to gain deeper insight into the mechanisms of hadron production in high-energy nucleus–nucleus collisions. By comparing particle emissions in the forward region (θ < 90°) and backward region (θ > 90°), the study reveals clear differences in their dependence on projectile energy and mass. Forward particle multiplicities increase with both projectile mass and energy, while backward particle production remains largely independent of these factors, suggesting that backward emission is primarily influenced by the number of nucleons directly involved in the collision. In addition, pseudorapidity analysis demonstrates that forward distributions shift toward higher values with increasing energy, reflecting stronger longitudinal momentum transfer. These results contribute to understanding the dynamics of relativistic heavy-ion interactions, the role of participant–spectator matter, and the conditions that may lead to quark–gluon plasma formation
Relativistic hadrons, nuclear emulsion, pseudo-rapidity and quark-gluon plasma state (QGP).
Textural Analysis and Clay Mineralogy of Sabkha Sediments in Wadi El-Sahal and Wadi El-Suwani, Tobruk City, Libya
This study compares sediment characteristics of Wadi Elsahal and Wadi Al-Suwani sabkhas. This study sheds light on the grain size analysis and clay minerals, using the carbonate-sand-mud separation method, the sand-silt-clay method, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the proportions of clay minerals. In the intertidal zone, Wadi El-Suwani has a higher carbonate content (54.66%) than Wadi Elsahal (46.16%) and a slightly lower sand content (32.16% vs. 37%). The mud content is similar with Wadi El-Sahal slightly higher at 16.83%. In the supratidal zone, Wadi Elsahal shows higher carbonate (51.66%) and clay (29%), while Wadi El-Suwani has more sand (15%) and mud (47%). Both sabkhas show similar silt content (~69%). Clay mineral analysis from Wadi Elsahal reveals kaolinite ranging between 51–63% and illite from 37–49%. These differences reflect variations in depositional energy, with Wadi Elsahal indicating a stable carbonate-rich environment, while Wadi El-Suwani suggests more episodic energy events like wind or floods. Based on sediment and mineral composition, Wadi Elsahal represents a stable intertidal sabkha dominated by biogenic carbonates and fine sediments, while Wadi Al-Suwani reflects a dynamic supratidal sabkha environment influenced by variable energy and sediment supply. This study provides valuable insights into the sedimentary and mineralogical differences between Wadi ElSahal and Wadi El-Suwani sabkhas, contributing to a deeper understanding of coastal depositional processes in eastern Libya. The findings are significant for identifying stable versus dynamic sabkha environments, offering useful implications for sedimentology, geomorphological mapping, and environmental planning in arid coastal regions. There is a lack of detailed comparative studies focusing on the sediment and clay mineral characteristics of adjacent sabkha environments in eastern Libya especially between Wadi Elsahal and Wadi ElSuwani. This study aims to analyze and compare grain size and clay minerals in both sabkhas identify the dominant depositional processes and evaluate the environmental stability of each sabkha zone.
Sabkha, Wadi, Tobruk, Kaolinite, Carbonate, Silt and Clay
Theoretical Study of Electron – Phonon Interactions Using Linear Response Theory
This work presents a theoretical investigation of electron–phonon interactions in transition metals using linear response theory, with the aim of evaluating the agreement between ab initio calculations and experimental data. The study focuses on aluminium (Al), molybdenum (Mo), and niobium (Nb), utilizing a wave-vector-dependent approach to calculate the electron–phonon coupling. The linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) method combined with the local density approximation (LDA) was employed to evaluate the screening of the one-electron potential within the framework of linear response theory. From these calculations, key physical parameters, including electron–phonon coupling strengths and transport coefficients, were extracted. The theoretical results show a strong correspondence with experimental measurements, demonstrating the reliability of the linear response approach in capturing electron–phonon coupling behaviour in these metals. These findings support the broader applicability of first-principles methods in the study of phonon-mediated transport phenomena in metallic systems.
Electron, Phonon interactions, linear Response theory, transition metal
The synergistic relationship between Aminoglycoside Antibiotics and Zoledronic acid (ZOMETA) drug in their effect on Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
In this study, we investigated the synergistic relationship between some antibiotics from the aminoglycosides functional group, which were Chloramphenicol (C30µg), CEFOTETAN (CTT30µg), AMIKACIN (AK30) and CEFAMANDOLE (MA) and the chemical drug Zoledronic acid (ZOMETA 4g) which is used in Cancer treatment. This study focuses on their Effect on Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion method for anti-susceptibility test, and spectrophotometry method for bacteria cells count. The results of the Zoledronic acid anti-susceptibility test showed that it had no effect on both bacteria. However, the antibiotic's anti-susceptibility test on B. cereus showed resistance to the antibiotic (C30) and (MA 30), also showed the highest susceptibility pattern to the antibiotic (AK 30). while the lowest susceptibility pattern was for the antibiotic (CTT 30). While on S. aureus bacteria showed resistance to antibiotic (MA 30), with the highest susceptibility pattern to antibiotic (C 30), and the lowest susceptibility pattern to antibiotic (AK 30); The results of the synergy test (the relationship between the Zoledronic acid and the antibiotic) on both B. cereus and S. aureus bacteria showed that all antibiotics have a synergistic relationship with the drug.
A Study on the Assessment of Lead and Copper Elements in a Designated Areas of Agricultural Soil in the City of Benghazi, Libya
This study investigates the concentrations of lead and copper in soil samples collected from different locations, analyzing the potential contamination of heavy metals and their implications for the environment. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in lead concentrations between the samples (ranging from 9.45 mg/kg to 24.75 mg/kg) with the highest concentration observed in sample number 6. These levels exceed permissible limits in several countries, suggesting potential soil contamination, which warrants further evaluation of the impact on plant growth and agriculture. Additionally, copper concentrations ranged from 5.65 mg/kg to 15.10 mg/L, with significant differences observed at a probability level of less than 0.001. These findings are consistent with previous research indicating that high levels of copper accumulation can lead to soil toxicity and hinder plant nutrient absorption. The study highlights the importance of monitoring and mitigating heavy metal pollution in soil to prevent adverse effects on ecosystems, agricultural productivity, and human health.
Heavy Metal, Soil Agricultures, Soil Contamination.
Fibrous Cerium Phosphate and its Intercalated-Urea Product as Versatile Adsorbents for Mercury (II) Removal
Fibrous Nano cerium Phosphate was achieved by reacting Cerium Sulphate solution with phosphoric acid at 80°C for several hours. Furthermore, Urea was intercalated into the prepared f-cerium phosphate. Techniques like Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize these products. Under various conditions, the products were examined to their adsorption capability to extract mercury (II) ions from aqueous solution. The semicrystalline nature of the phosphates was demonstrated by XRD, and the interlayer d-spacings for the cerium phosphate and urea-intercalated compounds were 10.6 and 11.3 Å, respectively. The FTIR spectra of the intercalated phosphate showed an additional peak at 1400 cm⁻¹ corresponding to C-N stretching confirming the presence of urea. The SEM showed a fibrous morphology of the cerium phosphate with a particle size of 16mm. The optimum adsorption conditions were at pH values 3.0 at a reaction time interval of 30 minutes. Pure cerium phosphate behaved differently from intercalated cerium phosphate, which consistently showed a decrease in adsorption percentage as the initial ion concentration increased. Both phosphates showed a systematic increase in adsorption percentage as the adsorbent amount increased, however, pure cerium phosphate showed greater adsorption ability than its intercalated analogue. Both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used, and their linearity curves are comparable. For pure and intercalated chemicals, the Langmuir model yielded R² values of 0.5351 and 0.7283, respectively. According to the Freundlich model, the pure and intercalated phosphates R² values were 0.5823 and 0.8649 respectively. Although a low correlation is observed, the intercalated material fit both isotherms and showed a slightly better behaviour.
Adsorption; fibrous cerium phosphate; isotherm; mercury ion; urea.
Investigation of Sedimentary Microfacies and mineralogical analyses of the Coastal Rock Cliffs (Wadi al-Zaytoun) in the Al Jaghbub, Al Faidyah, and Abraq Formations, NE Libya
This study analyzes the bulk mineralogy and microfacies of the Al Jaghbub, Al Faidyah, and Abraq Formations, NE Libyaalong the Eastern Libya coastline using X-ray diffraction (XRD) on five samples from different geomorphological units. The results show a dominance of terrigenous minerals—mainly quartz, albite, and kaolinite—alongside carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) and evaporite minerals, particularly halite. Quantitative analysis reveals significant mineral proportion variations Al Abraq Formation contains high levels of dolomite (87.9%) and albite (7.9%), while Al Faidiyah Formation is predominantly calcite (98.9%). Halite appears in All Formations, indicating evaporative processes, and kaolinite in Sample 3 suggests fluvial influence or older sediment reworking. Microfacies analysis, conducted on thin sections from Wadi al-Zaytoun, identified five types: (1) dolomite wackestone, (2) foraminiferal bioclast packstone, (3) dolomitic wackestone, (4) foraminiferal bioclastic packstone, and (5) echinoidal, foraminiferal, algal packstone. These microfacies display features indicating deposition in various environments, ranging from arid tidal flats to high-energy shallow marine settings. Diagenetic processes such as the replacement of micritic matrices with sparry calcite and the formation of coarse dolomite crystals highlight the roles of fluid migration and redox fluctuations.
Wadi al-Zaytoun, Minerals, Facies, Dolomite and Foraminifera
Endmic plants in the Yabraq valley Alwadeea District, Abyan Governorate-Yemen
Yemen is characterized by its rich plant diversity, featuring endemic plants unique to its environment, as well as near-endemic plants that are restricted to the Arabian Peninsula. This study aimed to inventory the endemic and near-endemic plant species in Yabraq Valley, as these species serve as geographical indicators of their regions and have various uses, including in food and medicine. The study results revealed the presence of six plant species endemic to Yemen alone, 23 species shared between Yemen and the ArabianPeninsula, 21 species endemic at the regional level. The total number of endemic, near-endemic, and regionally endemic species reached 50, belonging to 33 genera distributed across 22 plant families. In this study, the plant family with the highest number of endemic species was Apocynaceaea, comprising eight species (16%), followed by Euphorbiaceae with five species (10%). The families Asphodelaceaea, Mimosaceae, and Acanthaceae each contained four species, representing (8%) each, while Asteraceae and Lamiaceae had three species each, accounting for (6%).
The Effects of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome on Pregnant Women
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may be a differentiated glandular disease that affects body systems and causes metabolic and reproductive complications or disorders in women of childbearing age. The study was designed to know the criteria and symptoms that appear on women in the city of Mosul as a result of having polycystic ovarian syndrome PCOS. Objective :The aim of the study is a determine the incidence of the disease and its complications in the city of Mosul. Method : The study was conducted on a hundred seventy women , 35 of them were in the control group, whereas 135 of them were the affected women of various ages, The study included a number of criteria (social situation, age at which the infection occurred, whether pregnancy occurred without treatment, how long did it take to become pregnant after infection, did polycystic disease lead to infertility, did polycystic disease lead to abortion, did infection lead to birth defects, Symptoms accompanying the injury), Result : The results showed that the highest rate of infection was among married women, while the results showed that the highest percentage of the age at which the infection occurred was between 18-36 , and the results showed that pregnancy did not occur without treatment, in some cases it took several years for pregnancy to occur as a result of the syndrome. The disease led to infertility and abortion, and the most prominent symptoms were menstrual disorders, hirsutism, obesity and other symptoms. Conclusion: The incidence of polycystic ovaries is higher among married women, and it also induces missgrage , infertility and menstrual disorders, while the study did not find a significant increase in the proportion of deformed fetuses
Assessment of Juniperus Phoenicea L. Seedling Produced via Tissue Culture Using RAPD Analysis
Woody plants are more difficult to reproduce than other plant species found in nature. In addition to seed dormancy, which is caused by inhibitors in the embryo, endosperm, and/or testicle, Phoenicia, like other juniper species, does not exhibit a high rate of plant production by germination of seeds. This research's primary goals were to propagate Juniperus phoenicea L. (J. phoenicea) using tissue culture by identifying a promising protocol for utilizing kinetin (0.5 mg/l-1 with Murashige and Skoog 1962, MS), Rugini Olive Medium 1984, ROM, and Lloyd and McCown 1980, WPM to break the secondary dormancy of seeds. Additionally, RAPD fingerprints were used for molecular analysis to determine the total genomic DNA of the parent plant compared to the in vitro plant obtained. The RAPD-PCR products they obtained demonstrated a high percentage of polymorphism resulting from using BA-K5 as a primer compared to BA-K2. The results showed that the medium (WPM) supplemented with 0.5 g/l⁻¹ kin gave the highest significant increment for germination percentage (60%), while MS gave the lowest germination rate (8%). The study concludes that the in vitro culture method for zygotic embryo germination may be a viable way to overcome the challenges posed by poor juniper germination rates and boost seed propagation
Effect of hypoxia on release TNF alpha by dendritic cells and macrophage derived from myeloid cells of mice
Hypoxia is low levels of oxygen and is a common feature during inflammation associated with numerous inflammatory diseases and infections. Dendritic cells and macrophages are significant immune defensive cells with a range of functions that include phagocytosis, secretion and release of an extensive kind of proteins including cytokines and chemokines, and are typically found in areas where oxygen availability is low, especially during inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor type alpha (TNF α) is a cytokine that is expressed by various cell types including macrophages, dendritic cells, and other non-immune cells against infections. It is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine that regulates inflammatory cells and responses. This study focused on comparing the effects of hypoxia on the release of TNF alpha levels by dendritic cells and macrophages derived from myeloid cells of C57BL/6J mice in vitro using the ELISA test. Hypoxia is used because of the associated changes in the living body of the mouse. Non-stimulated macrophages and dendritic cells derived from myeloid incubated in parallel in hypoxia and normoxia showed the production of TNF-α in both conditions; however, both dendritic cells and macrophages released more TNF-α in normoxia than in hypoxia. The production of TNF-alpha was higher in dendritic cells compared to macrophages. In brief, the comparisons between normoxia and hypoxia on the release of TNF alpha by dendritic cells and macrophages derived from myeloid cells of non-stimulated mice were shown.
Sulphur, Organic Carbon, Organic Nitrogen, Iron Relationships and Diagenesis of Black Shales in Tenom and Ranau Regions , West Sabah, Malaysia.
The sediments investigated in this paper constitute part of the Temburong and Trusmadi formations outcropping in the Tenom and Ranau area located in the Western part of Sabah state, Malaysia. The aims of this paper were to analyzed and determine the various forms of (organic and inorganic sulphur), organic carbon, organic nitrogen, iron, total sulphur, and pyrite sulphur which was determined in two organic fractions (bitumen and kerogen) as well as in the total rock of these carbonaceous sediments, and also to assess the relationships between C, S, and N content in the early stage of microbial diagenesis of the studied black shales. The bulk geochemistry concentration, especially the C-S relationships, showed the important role of reactive iron in controlling the extent of pyrite formation. The high values of the degree of pyritization (DOP) which ranges from 0.99 to 1.0 suggested that iron has been exhausted by pyrite formation (i.e. iron- limited conditions) in all the study samples. The reduced sulphur in these study samples increases with burial depth and time. This pattern suggested the continuous diagenetic addition of reduced sulphur under conditions where the time and depth of burial are related. Kerogen appears to be uniform in N and S content, but both components vary in bitumen. N contents in bitumen show no covariance with any other parameters, but bitumen always has a much higher C/N ratio than kerogen. The presence of pyrite framboids is an additional evidence for poorly oxygenated (anoxic) bottom waters depositional environment.
anoxic environment, carbonaceous sediments, Kerogen, pyrite framboids, Sulfur,