مجلّة كلية العلوم بجامعة سرت هي مجلّة علمية مُحَكَّمة تصدرالكترونياُ بشكل نصف سنوي خلال شهري أبريل و أكتوبر. المجلّة مُتاحة مجّاناً على الموقع الإلكتروني الخاص بها. المجلّة تُعنى بنشر الأبحاث الأصيلة و المستوفاة لمعايير النشر المطلوبة في جميع فروع العلوم الأساسية البحتة (النظرية) و التطبيقية في مجالات الرياضيات, الإحصاء, الفيزياء, الكيمياء, علم الحيوان, علم النبات, علم الأحياء الدقيقة, الفلك, علوم الحاسوب, تقنية المعلومات, الجيولوجيا, علوم البيئة و علوم البحاروالمحيطات. المجلّة تقبل جميع أشكال البحوث العلمية: المقالات و المراجعات, الرسائل القصيرة, المقالات المنهجية, دراسات الحالة, تقارير الحالة, الأعداد الخاصة بالمؤتمرات و الندوات العلمية التي تعقدها الكلية .و المعتمدة من هيئة البحث العلمي . المجلّة تقبل البحوث المُقدَّمة من داخل الجامعة و من الجامعات الأخرى سواء داخل أو خارج ليبيا. تأسست المجلّة العلمية لكلية العلوم بقرار السيد رئيس الجامعة رقم (11) الصادر بتاريخ 29-4-2021م و القرار رقم (194) الصادر بتاريخ 25-5-2021م بشأن تشكيل هيئة التحرير للمجلة.
Effect of immersion time and kinetin growth regulator on micro tuber formation for Spunta potato.
This study was conducted at plant Tissue culture department which, belongs to Biotechnology research center located in Tripoli . In this study, micro tubers of Spunta potato variety were obtained through use of liquid culture medium by using temporary immersion system (RITA). The effect of liquid medium immersion time on plant growth was studied, as well as the effect of adding the kinetin growth regulator at 5 mg / l with 8% sugar on number and weight of formed tubers was also studied. The results showed that increase of immersion time from 1 minute to 2.5 minutes has a significant effect on increasing number and weight of formed tubers in each treatment. The average of number of tubers increased from 8.42 to 17.14 and 21.14 tuber in the vessel respectively. The total mean number of tubers in each pot was also increased when the kinetin growth regulator was added from 20.28 to 28.85 and 32.71 tuber per pot respectively. The average of tubers weight in each jar was also increased from 4.10 to 9.92g when the kinetin growth regulator was added.
Solanum tubersum, growth regulators. temporary immersion system,microtubers.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 المجلة العلمية لكلية العلوم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Magnetized Water on Imbibition, Germination, Macronutrient Content (N, P, K) and Yield of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Water scarcity and the deterioration of its quality represent the main obstacles to agricultural development in Libya, in addition to other challenges. This work was undertaken to investigate the effect of irrigation with magnetized water on the growth and productivity of zucchini plants (Cucurbita pepo L.). Three experiments were carried out: a laboratory experiment with three replicates per treatment, a plastic pot experiment with four replicates per treatment, and a field experiment with twelve replicates per treatment. Plants were watered with either magnetized or non-magnetized water, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The research focused on seed imbibition and germination percentage, the plant’s content of macronutrients (N, P, K), and total production. The outcomes found that irrigation with magnetized water had a significant effect on the mean ultimate yield of the harvest, 2.8692 kg compared to 1.279 kg for the non-magnetized. Regarding the average seed imbibition and germination percentage, as well as macronutrient content, the outcomes showed differences between the two treatments in favor of the magnetized treatment; however, these variances were not statistically significant. Based on these findings, it appears that this method has a promising role in improving certain plant growth traits, making it worthy of further investigation. Moreover, it may represent a new approach toward the optimal use of saline irrigation water in agricultural production.
Ecological Assessment of Water Quality and Aquatic Biodiversity in Macferson Lake, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
Abstract In this study, the physico-chemical parameters as well as the biological diversity of Macferson Lake, Allahabad (Prayagraj), Uttar Pradesh, India was studied during the period June, 2022 to May 2023. Seasonal sampling covered the inspecting of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolve solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), hardness and alkalinity and other parameters. Simultaneous biological studies determined phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic macro invertebrates, fishes and aquatic macrophytes. The outcomes showed moderate and poor quality of water, demonstrating the eutrophication process, and the presence of eichhornia crassipes as well as fish and invertebrates resistant to pollution. Possible strategies of conserving and restoring lakes are then mentioned.
Macferson Lake, Water quality, Biological diversity, Eutrophication, Lake restoration
Temporal Trends and Inter-Annual Variability of Iron, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin D Deficiencies in Ajdabiya, Libya (2022–2025)
لا يزال نقص المغذيات الدقيقة يُشكل تحديًا صحيًا عالميًا كبيرًا، لا سيما في المناطق التي تعاني من قيود اجتماعية واقتصادية وضعف التنوع الغذائي. وقد بحثت هذه الدراسة في التحولات في تركيزات الحديد وفيتامين ب12 وفيتامين د في مصل الدم على مدى أربع سنوات (2022-2025) بين سكان أجدابيا، ليبيا. وكشفت النتائج عن تقلبات ملحوظة من سنة إلى أخرى. بلغت مستويات الحديد ذروتها في عام 2022 (م = 75.06 ميكروغرام/ديسيلتر) ولكنها انخفضت بشكل ملحوظ في عام 2023 (م = 45.19 ميكروغرام/ديسيلتر)، وشهدت انتعاشًا تدريجيًا خلال عامي 2024 و2025. في المقابل، أظهر فيتامين ب12 أدنى قيمة متوسطة في عام 2022 (م = 402.49 بيكوغرام/مل) قبل أن يرتفع إلى أعلى مستوى له في عام 2023 (م = 524.16 بيكوغرام/مل) ويستقر بعد ذلك. ارتفعت تركيزات فيتامين د بشكل ملحوظ في عام ٢٠٢٣ (م = ٣٢.٩٠ نانوغرام/مل) لكنها شهدت انخفاضًا طفيفًا خلال العامين التاليين. وقد أبرزت الانحرافات المعيارية المرتفعة لجميع المؤشرات الحيوية تباينًا فرديًا ملحوظًا. ورغم هذه التغيرات السنوية، لا تزال حالات نقص الحديد وفيتامين ب١٢ وفيتامين د شائعة بين سكان أجدابيا. وتؤكد هذه النتائج الحاجة الماسة إلى تدخلات غذائية مُستهدفة، وتنويع الأنظمة الغذائية، وتوفير مكملات غذائية استراتيجية، واتخاذ تدابير استباقية للكشف عن حالات نقص المغذيات الدقيقة والحد من آثارها الصحية المحتملة مع مرور الوقت.
اجدابيا، ليبيا، الحديد، نقص المغذيات الدقيقة، فيتامين ب12، فيتامين د.
Evaluation Role of Activated Charcoal and Growth Regulators on Enhancement of Thymus Capitatus Micropropagation
Due to the presence of bioactive compounds that have medicinal uses, the thyme plant (Thymus capitatus) is under increasing pressure. The population has continuously declined due to this pressure, which puts it at risk of depletion and extinction. The aim of this study is to identify effective ways to preserve this plant in vitro using plant tissue culture technique, as well as to pinpoint the key factors that contributed to its successful vegetative propagation, rooting, and acclimatization. Plant materials were collected from the Al-Shaafiyin region, followed by surface sterilization. They were then cultured on a medium supplemented with a combination of the growth regulators BA and NAA along with activated charcoal for vegetative propagation, another combination of IBA, NAA, and activated charcoal for rooting, and a separate formulation for plant acclimatization. The results showed that the best treatment for obtaining vegetative growth was the use of activated charcoal, which significantly outperformed all other treatments in terms of plant height, number of leaves, and number of branches, recording values of 3.03 cm, 76.4 leaves, and 5.5 branches, respectively. This is attributed to its ability to absorb growth-inhibiting substances. The results also indicated that activated charcoal was the most effective treatment for root development, showing a significant superiority over the other treatments, with an average of 5 roots and a root length of 6.2 cm. Activated charcoal improved the properties of the growth medium by adsorbing inhibitory compounds and providing a phenol-free environment conducive to root development. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrated that a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of soil and peat moss resulted in the highest plant survival rate (80%), which is likely due to the balanced physical and chemical properties of the mixture. The use of activated charcoal in micropropagation programs is recommended due to its effectiveness in enhancing both shoot and root development, thereby creating a more favorable environment for plant tissue growth. It is also advisable to avoid culture media lacking activated charcoal. For the acclimatization stage, a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of soil and peat moss is recommended, as it provides adequate aeration, moisture retention, and essential nutrients necessary for plant survival.
خصائص إنتاج جسيمات الدش الأمامي والخلفي من تفاعلات السيليكون 28 مع نوى المستحلب عند طاقة عالية
تم في هذا البحث دراسة خصائص الجسيمات النثرية المنبعثة في الاتجاهين الأمامي والخلفي الناتجة عن تفاعلات نوى السيليكون مع نوى المستحلب النووي عند طاقتين قدرهما 4.5 و 14.5 جيجا إلكترون فولت لكل نواة. وقد شملت الدراسة تحليل توزيعات التعددية، والعلاقات الارتباطية بين التعدديات، وتوزيعات الشبه السريعة لهذه الجسيمات، مع التركيز على مدى تأثر هذه التوزيعات بكتل كل من القذيفة والهدف النووي. كما تضمن العمل بحث العلاقة بين متوسط تعددية الجسيمات النثرية المنبعثة في الاتجاهين الأمامي والخلفي نتيجة لهذه التفاعلات، ومناقشة النتائج في سياق الخصائص الديناميكية للتفاعل النووي.
Relativistic hadrons, nuclear emulsion, pseudo-rapidity and quark-gluon plasma state (QGP).
التحليل النسيجي ومعادن الطين لرواسب السبخات في وادي الساحل ووادي السواني، مدينة طبرق، ليبيا
تُقارن هذه الدراسة بين خصائص الرواسب في سبختي وادي السهل ووادي السواني. حيث تسلط الضوء على تحليل حجم الحبيبات ومعادن الطين، باستخدام طريقة الفصل بين الكربونات والرمل والطمي، وطريقة التمييز بين الرمل والطمي والطين، بالإضافة إلى تقنية حيود الأشعة السينية (XRD) لتحديد نسب معادن الطين. في المنطقة بين المد والجزر، يظهر وادي السواني محتوى أعلى من الكربونات (54.66%) مقارنةً بوادي السهل (46.16%)، بينما يحتوي على نسبة أقل قليلاً من الرمل (32.16% مقابل 37%). أما نسبة الطمي، فهي متقاربة في كلا السبختين، مع ارتفاع طفيف في وادي السهل (16.83%). أما في المنطقة الفوق مدّية (العلوية)، فيتميز وادي السهل بنسبة كربونات أعلى (51.66%) ومحتوى طيني أكبر (29%)، في حين يحتوي وادي السواني على نسبة أعلى من الرمل (15%) والطمي (47%). وتُظهر كلا السبختين نسبًا متقاربة من السلت (حوالي 69%). أظهر تحليل معادن الطين في وادي السهل وجود معدن الكاولينيت بنسب تتراوح بين 51–63%، ومعدن الإيليت بنسب تتراوح بين 37–49%. تعكس هذه الفروقات اختلافات في طاقة الترسيب، حيث يشير وادي السهل إلى بيئة مستقرة غنية بالكربونات الحيوية والرواسب الدقيقة، بينما يوحي وادي السواني ببيئة سبخة فوق مدّية ديناميكية تتأثر بأحداث طاقية متقطعة مثل الرياح أو الفيضانات. بناءً على تركيب الرواسب والمعادن، يمثل وادي السهل سبخة بين مدّية مستقرة، في حين يعكس وادي السواني بيئة سبخة فوق مدّية تتسم بالتغير وعدم الاستقرار في طاقتها ومصدر رواسبها
Sabkha, Wadi, Tobruk, Kaolinite, Carbonate, Silt and Clay
Theoretical Study of Electron – Phonon Interactions Using Linear Response Theory
في هذا العمل، قدمنا ​​حلاً لدراسة تفاعلات الإلكترون - الفونون باستخدام مجموعة من النظريات مثل نظرية الاستجابة الخطية وإجراء مقارنة مع القيم المعملية المقاسة سابقاً. تركز هذه المقالة على ثلاثة معادن انتقالية، وهي Al و Moو. Nbإن نجاح نظرية الاستجابة الخطية إعتمد في الغالب على بعض الأساليب، مثل طريقة ستيرنهايمر، التي تستخدم مجموعات أساس muffin-tin بدلاً من مجموعات أساس الموجة المستوية لوظائف الموجة للإلكترون. وبالتالي، تم استخدام هذه الطريقة لحساب الذرة لتفاعل الإلكترون - الفونون الذي يعتمد على متجه الموجة. وجد أن حسابات الاستجابة الخطية للمعادن الانتقالية لدينا تتفق بشكل وثيق مع حسابات RMTA والنتائج التجريبية السابقة. وعلى العكس من ذلك، فإن سلوك دالة طيف النقل المحسوبة مشابه بشكل لافت للنظر لسلوك الموصل الفائق.
Electron, Phonon interactions, linear Response theory, transition metal
The synergistic relationship between Aminoglycoside Antibiotics and Zoledronic acid (ZOMETA) drug in their effect on Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
In this study, we investigated the synergistic relationship between some antibiotics from the aminoglycosides functional group, which were Chloramphenicol (C30µg), CEFOTETAN (CTT30µg), AMIKACIN (AK30) and CEFAMANDOLE (MA) and the chemical drug Zoledronic acid (ZOMETA 4g) which is used in Cancer treatment. This study focuses on their Effect on Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion method for anti-susceptibility test, and spectrophotometry method for bacteria cells count. The results of the Zoledronic acid anti-susceptibility test showed that it had no effect on both bacteria. However, the antibiotic's anti-susceptibility test on B. cereus showed resistance to the antibiotic (C30) and (MA 30), also showed the highest susceptibility pattern to the antibiotic (AK 30). while the lowest susceptibility pattern was for the antibiotic (CTT 30). While on S. aureus bacteria showed resistance to antibiotic (MA 30), with the highest susceptibility pattern to antibiotic (C 30), and the lowest susceptibility pattern to antibiotic (AK 30); The results of the synergy test (the relationship between the Zoledronic acid and the antibiotic) on both B. cereus and S. aureus bacteria showed that all antibiotics have a synergistic relationship with the drug.
A Study on the Assessment of Lead and Copper Elements in a Designated Areas of Agricultural Soil in the City of Benghazi, Libya
This study investigates the concentrations of lead and copper in soil samples collected from different locations, analyzing the potential contamination of heavy metals and their implications for the environment. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in lead concentrations between the samples (ranging from 9.45 mg/kg to 24.75 mg/kg) with the highest concentration observed in sample number 6. These levels exceed permissible limits in several countries, suggesting potential soil contamination, which warrants further evaluation of the impact on plant growth and agriculture. Additionally, copper concentrations ranged from 5.65 mg/kg to 15.10 mg/L, with significant differences observed at a probability level of less than 0.001. These findings are consistent with previous research indicating that high levels of copper accumulation can lead to soil toxicity and hinder plant nutrient absorption. The study highlights the importance of monitoring and mitigating heavy metal pollution in soil to prevent adverse effects on ecosystems, agricultural productivity, and human health.
Heavy Metal, Soil Agricultures, Soil Contamination.
Fibrous Cerium Phosphate and its Intercalated-Urea Product as Versatile Adsorbents for Mercury (II) Removal
Fibrous Nano cerium Phosphate was achieved by reacting Cerium Sulphate solution with phosphoric acid at 80°C for several hours. Furthermore, Urea was intercalated into the prepared f-cerium phosphate. Techniques like Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize these products. Under various conditions, the products were examined to their adsorption capability to extract mercury (II) ions from aqueous solution. The semicrystalline nature of the phosphates was demonstrated by XRD, and the interlayer d-spacings for the cerium phosphate and urea-intercalated compounds were 10.6 and 11.3 Å, respectively. The FTIR spectra of the intercalated phosphate showed an additional peak at 1400 cm⁻¹ corresponding to C-N stretching confirming the presence of urea. The SEM showed a fibrous morphology of the cerium phosphate with a particle size of 16mm. The optimum adsorption conditions were at pH values 3.0 at a reaction time interval of 30 minutes. Pure cerium phosphate behaved differently from intercalated cerium phosphate, which consistently showed a decrease in adsorption percentage as the initial ion concentration increased. Both phosphates showed a systematic increase in adsorption percentage as the adsorbent amount increased, however, pure cerium phosphate showed greater adsorption ability than its intercalated analogue. Both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used, and their linearity curves are comparable. For pure and intercalated chemicals, the Langmuir model yielded R² values of 0.5351 and 0.7283, respectively. According to the Freundlich model, the pure and intercalated phosphates R² values were 0.5823 and 0.8649 respectively. Although a low correlation is observed, the intercalated material fit both isotherms and showed a slightly better behaviour.
Adsorption; fibrous cerium phosphate; isotherm; mercury ion; urea.
Investigation of Sedimentary Microfacies and mineralogical analyses of the Coastal Rock Cliffs (Wadi al-Zaytoun) in the Al Jaghbub, Al Faidyah, and Abraq Formations, NE Libya
This study analyzes the bulk mineralogy and microfacies of the Al Jaghbub, Al Faidyah, and Abraq Formations, NE Libyaalong the Eastern Libya coastline using X-ray diffraction (XRD) on five samples from different geomorphological units. The results show a dominance of terrigenous minerals—mainly quartz, albite, and kaolinite—alongside carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) and evaporite minerals, particularly halite. Quantitative analysis reveals significant mineral proportion variations Al Abraq Formation contains high levels of dolomite (87.9%) and albite (7.9%), while Al Faidiyah Formation is predominantly calcite (98.9%). Halite appears in All Formations, indicating evaporative processes, and kaolinite in Sample 3 suggests fluvial influence or older sediment reworking. Microfacies analysis, conducted on thin sections from Wadi al-Zaytoun, identified five types: (1) dolomite wackestone, (2) foraminiferal bioclast packstone, (3) dolomitic wackestone, (4) foraminiferal bioclastic packstone, and (5) echinoidal, foraminiferal, algal packstone. These microfacies display features indicating deposition in various environments, ranging from arid tidal flats to high-energy shallow marine settings. Diagenetic processes such as the replacement of micritic matrices with sparry calcite and the formation of coarse dolomite crystals highlight the roles of fluid migration and redox fluctuations.
Wadi al-Zaytoun, Minerals, Facies, Dolomite and Foraminifera
Endmic plants in the Yabraq valley Alwadeea District, Abyan Governorate-Yemen
Yemen is characterized by its rich plant diversity, featuring endemic plants unique to its environment, as well as near-endemic plants that are restricted to the Arabian Peninsula. This study aimed to inventory the endemic and near-endemic plant species in Yabraq Valley, as these species serve as geographical indicators of their regions and have various uses, including in food and medicine. The study results revealed the presence of six plant species endemic to Yemen alone, 23 species shared between Yemen and the ArabianPeninsula, 21 species endemic at the regional level. The total number of endemic, near-endemic, and regionally endemic species reached 50, belonging to 33 genera distributed across 22 plant families. In this study, the plant family with the highest number of endemic species was Apocynaceaea, comprising eight species (16%), followed by Euphorbiaceae with five species (10%). The families Asphodelaceaea, Mimosaceae, and Acanthaceae each contained four species, representing (8%) each, while Asteraceae and Lamiaceae had three species each, accounting for (6%).
The Effects of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome on Pregnant Women
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may be a differentiated glandular disease that affects body systems and causes metabolic and reproductive complications or disorders in women of childbearing age. The study was designed to know the criteria and symptoms that appear on women in the city of Mosul as a result of having polycystic ovarian syndrome PCOS. Objective :The aim of the study is a determine the incidence of the disease and its complications in the city of Mosul. Method : The study was conducted on a hundred seventy women , 35 of them were in the control group, whereas 135 of them were the affected women of various ages, The study included a number of criteria (social situation, age at which the infection occurred, whether pregnancy occurred without treatment, how long did it take to become pregnant after infection, did polycystic disease lead to infertility, did polycystic disease lead to abortion, did infection lead to birth defects, Symptoms accompanying the injury), Result : The results showed that the highest rate of infection was among married women, while the results showed that the highest percentage of the age at which the infection occurred was between 18-36 , and the results showed that pregnancy did not occur without treatment, in some cases it took several years for pregnancy to occur as a result of the syndrome. The disease led to infertility and abortion, and the most prominent symptoms were menstrual disorders, hirsutism, obesity and other symptoms. Conclusion: The incidence of polycystic ovaries is higher among married women, and it also induces missgrage , infertility and menstrual disorders, while the study did not find a significant increase in the proportion of deformed fetuses
Assessment of Juniperus Phoenicea L. Seedling Produced via Tissue Culture Using RAPD Analysis
Woody plants are more difficult to reproduce than other plant species found in nature. In addition to seed dormancy, which is caused by inhibitors in the embryo, endosperm, and/or testicle, Phoenicia, like other juniper species, does not exhibit a high rate of plant production by germination of seeds. This research's primary goals were to propagate Juniperus phoenicea L. (J. phoenicea) using tissue culture by identifying a promising protocol for utilizing kinetin (0.5 mg/l-1 with Murashige and Skoog 1962, MS), Rugini Olive Medium 1984, ROM, and Lloyd and McCown 1980, WPM to break the secondary dormancy of seeds. Additionally, RAPD fingerprints were used for molecular analysis to determine the total genomic DNA of the parent plant compared to the in vitro plant obtained. The RAPD-PCR products they obtained demonstrated a high percentage of polymorphism resulting from using BA-K5 as a primer compared to BA-K2. The results showed that the medium (WPM) supplemented with 0.5 g/l⁻¹ kin gave the highest significant increment for germination percentage (60%), while MS gave the lowest germination rate (8%). The study concludes that the in vitro culture method for zygotic embryo germination may be a viable way to overcome the challenges posed by poor juniper germination rates and boost seed propagation
Effect of hypoxia on release TNF alpha by dendritic cells and macrophage derived from myeloid cells of mice
Hypoxia is low levels of oxygen and is a common feature during inflammation associated with numerous inflammatory diseases and infections. Dendritic cells and macrophages are significant immune defensive cells with a range of functions that include phagocytosis, secretion and release of an extensive kind of proteins including cytokines and chemokines, and are typically found in areas where oxygen availability is low, especially during inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor type alpha (TNF α) is a cytokine that is expressed by various cell types including macrophages, dendritic cells, and other non-immune cells against infections. It is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine that regulates inflammatory cells and responses. This study focused on comparing the effects of hypoxia on the release of TNF alpha levels by dendritic cells and macrophages derived from myeloid cells of C57BL/6J mice in vitro using the ELISA test. Hypoxia is used because of the associated changes in the living body of the mouse. Non-stimulated macrophages and dendritic cells derived from myeloid incubated in parallel in hypoxia and normoxia showed the production of TNF-α in both conditions; however, both dendritic cells and macrophages released more TNF-α in normoxia than in hypoxia. The production of TNF-alpha was higher in dendritic cells compared to macrophages. In brief, the comparisons between normoxia and hypoxia on the release of TNF alpha by dendritic cells and macrophages derived from myeloid cells of non-stimulated mice were shown.
Sulphur, Organic Carbon, Organic Nitrogen, Iron Relationships and Diagenesis of Black Shales in Tenom and Ranau Regions , West Sabah, Malaysia.
The sediments investigated in this paper constitute part of the Temburong and Trusmadi formations outcropping in the Tenom and Ranau area located in the Western part of Sabah state, Malaysia. The aims of this paper were to analyzed and determine the various forms of (organic and inorganic sulphur), organic carbon, organic nitrogen, iron, total sulphur, and pyrite sulphur which was determined in two organic fractions (bitumen and kerogen) as well as in the total rock of these carbonaceous sediments, and also to assess the relationships between C, S, and N content in the early stage of microbial diagenesis of the studied black shales. The bulk geochemistry concentration, especially the C-S relationships, showed the important role of reactive iron in controlling the extent of pyrite formation. The high values of the degree of pyritization (DOP) which ranges from 0.99 to 1.0 suggested that iron has been exhausted by pyrite formation (i.e. iron- limited conditions) in all the study samples. The reduced sulphur in these study samples increases with burial depth and time. This pattern suggested the continuous diagenetic addition of reduced sulphur under conditions where the time and depth of burial are related. Kerogen appears to be uniform in N and S content, but both components vary in bitumen. N contents in bitumen show no covariance with any other parameters, but bitumen always has a much higher C/N ratio than kerogen. The presence of pyrite framboids is an additional evidence for poorly oxygenated (anoxic) bottom waters depositional environment.
anoxic environment, carbonaceous sediments, Kerogen, pyrite framboids, Sulfur,
Towards a Better Knowledge of the Neurotoxic Effects of Occupational Exposure to Organic Solvents on Human Health: A Review Study
This review examines existing studies on the effects of exposure to the organic solvent (OS) on human health, whereby the focus is on its associations with dementia, Alzheimer's and chronic-solvent-induced encephalopathy (CSE). OSs also known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are widely used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, construction, and manufacturing due to their ability to dissolve non-aqueous substances. Despite their utility, many OSs, including benzene, toluene, and hexane, are highly toxic and pose significant health risks, particularly to workers in high-exposure occupations. Prolonged exposure to these solvents has been linked to severe neurotoxic effects, including CSE, cognitive impairments, and neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The lipophilic nature of OSs allows them to accumulate in lipid-rich tissues, including the brain, disrupting neurological functions and contributing to long-term cognitive decline. This research reviews the mechanisms of OS-induced neurotoxicity, emphasizing the role of volatility, lipophilicity, and metabolic pathways in determining bioavailability and health impacts. It highlights the disproportionate burden of exposure on vulnerable populations, such as migrant workers and those in low-resource settings, and discusses the economic and social implications of solvent-related cognitive disorders. Conflicting evidence and research gaps are addressed, underscoring the need for large-scale, longitudinal studies to establish definitive causal relationships between solvent exposure and cognitive decline. To mitigate these risks, it recommends stricter regulatory measures, improved workplace safety protocols, enhanced worker education, and ongoing health monitoring. By prioritizing proactive interventions, industries can reduce occupational solvent-related health risks, protect vulnerable workers, and promote safer work environments. This review underscores the importance of balancing industrial productivity with public health, advocating for a precautionary approach to solvent exposure management.
benzene; bone marrow; leukaemia, dementia, Alzheimer
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Goethite as an Adsorbent for Uranyl (VI) ion from its Aqueous Solutions
Nano goethite was synthesized via chemical precipitation, characterized, and utilized in batch adsorption of uranium (VI) in aqueous solution. This study aims to investigate whether a synthetic goethite could extract uranium (VI) from aqueous solutions, and to study the adsorption isotherm models. In this work, goethite (α-FeOOH) was synthesized using Atkinson et al.'s approach, which was utilized as an adsorbent. It was essential to characterize this adsorbent material. The prepared material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Investigation and optimization have been done on different factors that may influence uranium (VI) adsorption, such as pH, initial ion concentration, and adsorbent amount. The ideal parameters that were found were then applied to actual effluents that contained uranium (VI). The results demonstrated that more than 95% of the uranium (VI) was removed. Utilizing the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models, the data shows strong agreement with the three models. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the highest sorption capacity of goethite was 33.3 mg/g, the Langmuir constant was -7.77 L/mg, and the separation factor was 1.29x10-3. The Freundlich constant was found to be 28.31 (mg/g)*(L/mg)1/n, and the adsorption intensity was 2.09. The was also in agreement with the Temkin model, which shows the bT equals 68.75 joules/mol and the KT equals 3.89 L/mg. The correlation constants were in the order of 0.982 > 0.961 > 0.872 for Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin, respectively, explaining that the three models show favorable fittings.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2024 المجلة العلمية لكلية العلوم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Use of Silk Vine Roots(S-VPR) as Low Cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Its Aqueous Solution
This study examines the adsorption of methylene blue dye from an aqueous solution using silk vine roots derived from dairy powder. The adsorbent material was utilized in its natural state, without any chemical or physical treatment. The adsorption process was conducted under different conditions, including pH, adsorbent weight, initial dye concentration, and contact time at room temperature. The adsorption capacity exhibited an increase (49.9 mg/g), whereas the adsorbent weight and initial concentration increased until equilibrium was reached within 20 minutes. The adsorption process followed second-order kinetics and displayed compatibility with the Freundlich isotherm coefficient. It was determined to be a multilayer, heterogeneous adsorption process with a maximum adsorption capacity value (qe max 49.9 mg/g). Based on the results, it can be confirmed that wild dairy (silk vine) is capable of effectively adsorbing pollutants, such as the blue methylene dye.
Adsorption, Methylene blue, Silkvine plant
Parasite Contamination of Fresh Leafy Vegetables in Benghazi, Libya.
Background: Raw vegetable consumption can be a primary pathway for the spread of food-borne parasite illnesses, despite the fact that fresh vegetables offer significant nutritional value to people. Thus. This study's goal was to investigate whether parasites are present in veggies that are frequently eaten in Benghazi city, Libya. Method of the study:- One hundred and fifteen types of vegetables. lettuce, mint, parsley, green onion, and watercress 30 pieces of each were included. The sediments experienced analysis using iodine and modified smears stained with Ziehl- Neelsen, while data SPSS version 20 statistical software was used for the analysis. Results:- It was discovered that 90% of the samples that were inspected contained parasite eggs, cysts, and larvae. With a contamination percentage of 100%, lettuce was the most contaminated vegetable, and parsley had the lowest contamination rate (80%). The parasite with the highest prevalence rate was Entamoeba histolytica/ dispar cyst (71.1%), Giardia Lamblia cyst and Hymenolepis nana eggs (13.3% each of them), Taenia. Saginata eggs (11.11%), Ascaris eggs and Entamoeba. Hartmanni cyst (6.67% each of them), but it was discovered that the Strongyloides larvae only occasionally appeared (6.67%). Conclusion:- Benghazi City leafy vegetables had a very high parasitic rate of contamination. Therefore, eating such vegetables without thoroughly cleaning them promotes the spread of parasitic diseases, which provide a serious risk to health for those in Libya.
Evaluation of the ability of endemic herbal extracts to bio-control some plant pathogenic bacteria: (Araceae of Libya).
Potentially control of plant diseases in the future can occur by utilizing endemic plant extracts to provide biotic and abiotic environmental conditions that are beneficial for host development and growth which are adverse to pathogen reproduction and evolution. The present study reports the antibacterial activities of three species of endemic herbs of Araceae. The antibacterial activity was determined by methanol and acetone extraction of aerial and underground parts of three endemic herbaceous species in Libya; Arisarum vulgari, Arum cyreniacum and Biarum bovei. The test was conducted by Screening using the disc diffusion technique, against Two various species of plant-pathogenic bacteria; Agrobacterium spp. and Erwinia spp. According to this study, the most effective way to manage plant-pathogenic bacteria was tuber extracts, especially B. bovei tubers. A. cyreniacum tuber extracts also showed good efficacy, while A. vulgaris extracts were the least effective. On the other hand, the majority of the examined extracts had the greatest impact on Erwinia spp. This is the first report to highlight the potential of all species of endemic herbs of Araceae family of Libya in the bio-control of plant pathogens. Thus, endemic herbs of Araceae can be considered to possess strong germicidal properties against plant disease-causing Agrobacterium spp.and Erwinia spp.
Theoretical Investigation on Molecular Structure-Chemical Quantum Calculation of 7-Methyl-1,2,3-Triazole[4,5-c]Pyridine (Computer Simulation Program)
Theoretical investigation of 1H- and 3H-7-methyl-1,2,3-triazole[4,5-c]pyridine tautomers and chemical quantum calculation have been studied using density function theory (DFT) (PED, optimized bond lengths and angles) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. The result reveals Optimized bond lengths and angles in good agreement with X-ray data of other triazole-pyridine compounds. The result of chemical quantum calculation reveals that the vibrational characteristics of the triazole compound display several distinct patterns that remain almost unchanged in the vibrations of compounds containing the same structure. The vibrational characteristics of the triazole-pyridine system show distinct patterns that are consistent across similar compounds with the same core structure. The findings highlight the transferability of vibrational patterns in triazole-pyridine systems, which is useful for spectroscopic identification and further chemical design.
7-methyl-1,2,3-triazole[4,5-c]pyridine, tautomerization, DFT, IR
Checklist of Poisonous Plants in Al Mansora and Jarjar– oma regions of Al Jabal Al Akhdar- Libya
The total number of poisonous species in the two regions was 78 species. In Al Mansora region 36 species which belongs to 32 genera and 22 families, 9 species belong to monocotyledons and 27 species belongs to dicotyledons were recoreded. The results showed that the percentage of poisonous plants was 20.5% in Al Mansora region. However, in Jarjar oma region 42 species which belongs to 37 genera and 23 families, 10 species belong to monocotyledons and 32 species belongs to dicotyledons were recorded. Also, the results showed that the percentage of poisonous plant was 23.4% in Jarjar oma region. The checklist included family, scientific name, local name, some toxic plant parts and some effects for some species.
Mineral Composition of Coastal Landforms in Wadi Al-Suwani at Al-Bardia Region, East of Tobruk City, Libya
This study investigates the mineralogical composition of coastal geomorphological units, including sabkhas, rock cliffs, and beach sands, along the Wadi Al-Suwani shoreline near Burdi village in east of Libya. The research aimed to characterize these landforms, focusing on their geochemical and mineralogical properties, to better understand the processes shaping this unique coastal landscape. A total of fifteen samples were collected during field trips in August and September 2022, spanning various geomorphological units such as sabkhas, rock cliffs, and beaches. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that intertidal sabkha sediments predominantly contain terrigenous minerals like quartz (40.7%-69.7%), microcline (34.6%-39.0%), and albite (7.7%-13.7%), with minor occurrences of carbonate minerals such as calcite (9.5%-30.6%) and dolomite (1.3%-5.4%). The supratidal sabkha sediments were primarily composed of quartz (45.7%-69.7%) and lesser amounts of microcline and calcite, while halite was notably absent. Beach sands exhibited a mineralogical profile dominated by quartz (41.2%-78.2%) and calcite (19.1%-50.4%), with traces of dolomite and hematite. In contrast, the rock cliffs of the Al-Abraq, Al-Faidiyah, and Al-Jaghbub Formations were overwhelmingly composed of calcite (83.4%-97.9%), indicative of their shallow marine origin, with minor quartz and halite content. The findings underscore the complexity of depositional processes in the region, shaped by a combination of terrigenous input, marine biogenic activity, and evaporative conditions. This research provides valuable insights into the coastal geomorphology of the Al-Bardia region, with broader implications for understanding similar coastal environments globally.
Wadi Al Suwani, Sabkha, Cliffs, Beach, Tobruk, Al Bardia
pH Role in Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extract of various Plant Parts: A review
Synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from extracts of various plant parts and of agricultural waste is strongly affected by pH. These green synthesis methods cconsidered simple, cost effective, ecofriendly, and biologically effective. This brief review aimed to survey the role of pH in the green synthesis of AgNPs using those media, with a focus on its effect on AgNPs morphology and size. This review article revealed that the alkaline pH (9 - 10) is the optimum condition for synthesizing more stable and tiny uniform AgNPs. In addition, according to the reviewed articles, the spherical shape is the most dominant shape of these articles in the basic medium and the size of these particles decreases at elevated pH values and ranged from 5-40 nm.
Biosynthesis, silver nanoparticles, plant extract, pH, size, morphology.
Vitamin D level in children with type 1 diabetes in Misrata, Libya
Vitamin D deficiency can contribute to the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and type 1 diabetes and some factors related to it. The study was conducted on 100 children with diabetes and 40 non-diabetic children from the city of Misurata. Samples were collected by using a questionnaire over a period of 4 months. The study showed a significant relationship (P-value <0.05) between the level of vitamin D and patients with type 1 diabetes. The percentage of vitamin D deficiency in sick children was higher compared to healthy children (59%) (55%), respectively, and the percentage of vitamin D deficiency did not constitute and its relationship to age, gender, residential area, duration of exposure to the sunlight, and seasons of the year, showed statistical significance (P-value > 0.05), and the most age groups suffering from vitamin D deficiency were those between the ages of (11-16 years) in patients and healthy people, The rate of vitamin D deficiency was higher in females than in males. The percentage of vitamin D deficiency and taking supplements was statistically significant, and there was an inverse relationship between fasting blood sugar and vitamin D levels. The percentage of vitamin D deficiency duration of diabetes, and HbA1c did not constitute any statistical significance. This current study concluded that vitamin D deficiency is common in children, whether in patients or healthy people.
Vitamin D, Children, type 1 diabetes, Misrata city
Introduction Diabetes is a common chronic metabolic disease, resulting from hyperglycemia, which is caused by a defect in insulin secretion or insulin action or both or the amount secreted is large, as in some obese individuals (Liu et al., 2015). Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) occurs as a result of the inability of the beta cells in the pancreas to produce insulin in sufficient quantities or their complete cessation of producing insulin. It is considered one of the most dangerous types and occurs in childhood and at the beginning of adolescence (Cernea and Herold, 2010). It can occur due to nutritional, genetic and environmental factors or due to better economic and social status and urbanization (Al-Abadi and Al-Najafi, 2018).T1DM affects millions of children around the world annually, and is on the rise among young children and increasing in European, Eastern and Arab countries, and their incidence is expected to rise to 3% annually (Guariguata, 2011). High blood sugar levels above the normal range for a long period of time cause several chronic complications and serious developments, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral or central nervous diseases, and Charcot joints with severe gastrointestinal disorders (Cooke and Plotnick, 2008). Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids that plays a major role in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus (Adamczak et al., 2014), and it can be obtained from foods from animal sources, and from foods from plant sources (Dominguez et al., 2021). It is also produced by the skin when it is exposed to direct sunlight. When vitamin D enters the body, it is not in the active form and is called hydroxyvitamin. Ultraviolet B rays stimulate cortisone in the skin and the formation of raw vitamin D. The blood transports it to the liver to be activated into hydroxyvitamin D(DOH 25), and this compound has a direct effect on most of the body’s cells that receive it and convert it into the active vitamin compound, and part of it is transported to the kidneys to be activated into 1_25 hydroxyvitamin (Bikle, 2014). One of its most important functions is that it enhances the function of beta cells in the pancreas through various mechanisms and enhances insulin secretion (Savastio et al, 2018). Its importance also lies in maintaining adequate levels of calcium in the blood, and it has a role in regulating inflammation and strengthening immunity Shaker and Deftos, 2018). Recent evidence indicates a role for vitamin D in the pathogenesis and prevention of diabetes (Veldman et al., 2000). As vitamin D regulates both innate and acquired immunity, this indicates its potential role in preventing and treating T1DM (Ahmae et al., 2019). Vitamin D deficiency may predispose individuals to type 1 and type 2 diabetes (Mathieu et al., 2005). Many studies have found that vitamin D is associated with blood glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, and several studies have reported a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with T1DM, indicating that vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with T1DM. Mutlu et al., 2011), however, other studies reported results contrary to this (Simpson et al., 2011). In 2014, Wulandari and others studied the association of low levels of vitamin D with HbA1c levels in type 1 diabetics between the ages of 1 and 18 years. their study showed that vitamin D levels were significantly lower than in healthy controls, and it also showed that vitamin D levels were associated with HbA1c. And study conducted by Slavcheva et al in 2013 on vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and in healthy controls in the Bulgarian population showed that there were no statistically significant differences between vitamin D levels in diabetic patients and healthy people. and average levels of vitamin D are higher from May to September than from October to April. and no association was found between glycemic control and vitamin D levels. It was concluded from a study conducted by Hassan et al in 2016, on the vitamin D status of Egyptian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, that most of the study group suffered from vitamin D deficiency, and there was no significant correlation between vitamin D in the blood and anthropometric measurements, duration of diabetes, average glycated hemoglobin percentage, insulin dose, and exposure to sunlight. A study conducted by Al-Abadi and Al-Najafi in 2018, the aim of which was to evaluate the vitamin D status in children suffering from type 1 diabetes, and the results showed that vitamin D decreased significantly in cases of diabetes. and study conducted by TAŞKIN and others in 2020, the aim of which was to evaluate the vitamin D status of type 1 diabetes patients in childhood. The results showed that the vitamin D sufficiency rate was 34.9% and the deficiency rate was 42.9%, and vitamin D levels decreased significantly with age. Hence the aim of this study was to find out whether there is a relationship between vitamin D levels and type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and to evaluate the levels Vitamin D in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and healthy people, and identifying some factors that may be related to vitamin D deficiency in a sample of children with and without diabetes in the city of Misurata. Materials and Methods 2.1 Experiment design: This study was conducted on 100 children with diabetes and 40 non-diabetic children from the city of Misurata. Samples were collected over a period of 4 months from October 17, 2022 to January 30, 2023. The participants were divided into 3 age groups, and the percentage of vitamin D in each group was calculated, and duration of infection with the disease (for diabetics) was also divided into 3 groups, and the HbA1c rate was divided into 3 levels, in addition to the participants were divided into three groups according to the level of vitamin D: Less than 20 ng/mL represents vitamin D deficiency From 21 ng/mL to 30 ng/mL represents vitamin D insufficiency More than 30 ng/mL represents the normal level or vitamin D sufficiency. 2.2 Sample collection: Samples were collected from patients and healthy people using a questionnaire to find out specific data such as age, gender, duration of diabetes, residential area, duration of exposure to sunlight, taking vitamin D supplements, months in which the analysis was performed, fasting sugar, and blood hemoglobin (HbA1c). 2.3 Collect blood samples: A blood sample was drawn using sterile syringes and transferred to an anticoagulant tube. HbA1c sample was drawn into an EDTA tube, while the fasting glucose sample was drawn into EDTA sodium fluoride. Both analyzes were performed on a Mindray BS-430 device. Vitamin D analysis was performed using a Cobas device. 2.4 Statistical program: The data was analyzed statistically using SPSS26, where descriptive statistics were used, including averages and graphs, and the Pearson correlation coefficient and the Chi-square test were used for the purpose of comparison between groups. The results were considered meaningful and statistically significant if (P- value < 0.05). Results 3.1 Vitamin D level in patients The results of the study, as shown in Table (1), showed a significant relationship between the level of vitamin D and type 1 diabetes, P-value = 0.000, and the percentage of vitamin D deficiency in patients was 59% higher than the percentage of deficiency and normal. Table (1) Vitamin D level in patients Vitamin D number Percentage Test statistics P-value deficiency 59 59% 34.16 0.000 insufficiency 23 23% sufficiency 18 18% 3.2 Vitamin D level and some factors associated with it: It was noted, as in Table (2), that there were no significant differences in the average level of vitamin D between sick and healthy children (P = 0.639), where the mean level of vitamin D was 16.22 23.78 ng/ml in healthy children, and 21.70 11.56 ng/ml. In the T1DM group. Of the 100 affected children, (59%) of the children suffered from vitamin D deficiency, (23%) of the children suffered from insufficiency, and (18%) had sufficient levels of vitamin D. Of the 40 unaffected children, (55%) of the children suffered from vitamin D deficiency, (20%) of the children suffered from insufficiency, and (25%) had sufficient levels of vitamin D. We note from Table 2 that there is an inverse correlation between fasting blood sugar and vitamin D levels, where the value of the relationship was equal to - 0.26 with a significant level of P-value = 0.008. As for HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) and vitamin D levels, there was no statistical relationship between them, P-value = 0.394. The results also showed that the percentage of deficiency in vitamin D levels was greater in sick children whose HbA1c was more than 9 and less in children those whose cumulative was less than 6.5 and 6.5-9 (64.5%), (50%) and (50%) respectively. Table (2) Vitamin D level in the two groups of patients and healthy people, and vitamin D level and its relationship to cumulative and fasting blood sugar in patients. Vitamin D mean standard deviation Correlation coefficient P-value deficiency insufficiency sufficiency group control 22 (55%) 8 (20%) 10 (25%) 23.78 16.22 - 0.639 Infected 59 (59%) 23 (23%) 18 (18%) 21.70 11.56 HbA1c < 6.5 2(50%) 0(0%) 2(50%) 9.92 2.17 -0.086 0.394 6.5 -- 9 17(50%) 13(38.2%) 4(11.8%) > 9 40(64.5%) 10(16.1%) 12(19.4%) Fasting sugar 182.48 91.46 -0.263 0.008 The results of the current study, as shown in Table (3), showed that there were no significant differences [p-value = 0.08] depending on the distribution of the sample members according to age groups and vitamin D level, and that most of the age groups suffering from vitamin D deficiency were in patients or healthy people are those aged from (11-16 years) with a percentage of (64.2%) and 70.6%, respectively. The normal values of vitamin D among patients and healthy people were higher among the age groups from (1-5 years) with (30%) and (40%) respectively. The results showed that in all samples whether in patients or healthy people, the percentage of vitamin D deficiency was greater in females compared to males, and the percentage of deficiency in sick males was greater than the percentage of deficiency in healthy males (56.9%) and (53.3%) respectively. The percentage of deficiency in sick females is greater than the percentage of deficiency in healthy females (61.2%) and (56%) respectively. These differences in vitamin D levels between patients and healthy males and females were not statistically significant (P=0.747). The results also showed that sick children residing in rural areas have a slightly higher percentage of vitamin D deficiency than children residing in urban areas (59.6%) and (58.1%), respectively, while healthy children residing in urban areas have a slightly higher percentage of vitamin D deficiency More than children residing in rural areas (59.3%) and (46.2%), respectively, and the result did not constitute any statistical significance (p-value = 0.800). Table (3) Vitamin D level and its relationship to age, gender, and place of residence in patients and healthy people: Vitamin D number (%) p- value deficiency insufficiency sufficiency Age (patients) 0.08 1 -- 5 4 (40%) 3 (30%) 3 (30%) 10(10%) 6 -- 10 21 (56.8%) 10 (27%) 6 (16.2%) 37(37%) 11 -- 16 34 (64.2%) 10 (18.9%) 9(17%) 53(53%) Age (healthy) 1 -- 5 5 (33.3%) 4 (26.7%) 6 (40%) 15(37.5%) 6 -- 10 5 (62.5%) 2 (25%) 1 (12.5%) 8(20%) 11 -- 16 12 (70.6%) 2 (11.8%) 3 (17.6%) 17(42.5%) Sex (Patients) 0.747 male 29 (56.9%) 11 (21.6%) 11 (21.6%) 51(51%) female 30 (61.2%) 12 (24.5%) 7 (14.3%) 49(49%) Sex (Healthy) male 8 (53.3%) 3 (20%) 4 (26.6%) 15(37.5%) female 14 (56%) 5 (20%) 6 (24%) 25(62.5%) Housing (patients) 0.800 urban areas 25 (58.1%) 10 (23.3%) 8 (18.6%) 43(43%) rural areas 34 (59.6%) 13 (22.8%) 10 (17.5%) 57(57%) Housing (healthy ) urban areas 16 (59.3%) 4 (14.8%) 7 (25.9%) 27(67.5%) rural areas 6 (46.2%) 4 (30.8%) 3 (23%) 13(32.5%) The results of the current study were shown in Table ( 4) . there were significant differences (p-value = 0.001) between the intake of vitamin D supplements by sick children and healthy children and the level of vitamin D, as the percentage of deficiency was greater in patients and healthy children who did not take supplements (66.7%) ((100%), respectively. Compared to sick and healthy children, they take supplements (55.2%) (25%), respectively, and the percentage of vitamin D insufficiency for patients who do not take supplements is higher than healthy children (24.2%) (0%), respectively. And the results of the study showed that sick children who were exposed to the sun for less than 15 minutes had a higher rate of deficiency and insufficiency in vitamin D (69%) (26.2%), respectively, than children who were exposed to the sun for more than 15 minutes and 30 minutes. Also, in healthy children, the percentage of deficiency in Children who were exposed to the sun for less than 15 minutes had more exposure (58.8%) than children who were exposed to more than 15 minutes, but these results did not constitute any statistical significance, p-value = 268. Vitamin D levels showed seasonal variation in our results. For sick children who had a vitamin D test performed in the autumn and winter, the percentage of vitamin D deficiency was greater (63.6%) (65.7%) respectively, while healthy children had a higher percentage of vitamin D deficiency. More in the autumn and summer (62.5%) and (60%) respectively. Also, the percentage of vitamin D insufficiency, whether in patients or healthy people was higher in the spring (30.8%) (27.3%), and this result did not constitute any significance. Statistical p-value=0.548. Table (4) Vitamin D level and its relationship to taking vitamin D supplements, duration of exposure to the sun, and seasons of the year in patients and healthy people Vitamin D number (% ) p- value deficiency deficiency deficiency Vitamin D supplements (Patients) 0.001 No 22 (66.7%) 8 (24.2%) 3 (9.0%) 33(33%) Yes 37 (55.2%) 15 (22.4%) 15 (22.4%) 67(67%) Vitamin D supplements (Healthy) No 16 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 16(40%) Yes 6 (25%) 8 (33.3%) 10 (41.6%) 24(60%) Sun exposure (patients) 0.268 <15 minutes 29 (69%) 11 (26.2%) 2 (4.76%) 42(42%) >15 minutes 10 (55.6%) 3 (16.7%) 5 (27.7%) 18(18%) >30 minutes 20 (50%) 9 (22.5%) 11(27.5%) 40(40%) Sun exposure (healthy) <15 minutes 20 (58.8%) 6 (17.6%) 8 (23.5%) 34(85%) >15 minutes 2 (33.3%) 2 (33.3%) 2 (33.3%) 6 (15%) >30 minutes 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) seasons (Patients) 0.548 autumn 21 (63.6%) 6 (18.2%) 6 (18.1%) 33(42%) winter 23 (65.7%) 9 (25.7%) 3 (8.6%) 35(18%) spring 5 (38.5%) 4 (30.8%) 4 (30.7%) 13(40%) summer 10 (52.6%) 4 (21.1%) 5 (26.3%) 19(19%) seasons (Healthy) autumn 5 (62.5%) 1 (12.5%) 2 (25%) 8(20%) winter 9 (56.2%) 3 (18.8%) 4 (25%) 16(40%) spring 5 (45.5%) 3 (27.3%) 3 (27.3%) 11(27.5%) summer 3 (60%) 1 (20%) 1 (20%) 5(12.5%) The results as shown in Table (5), showed that there is no relationship between the duration of diabetes and the level of vitamin D ( p value = 0.972) , and that the percentage of deficiency in the level of vitamin D in sick children is greater in children whose duration of diabetes was less than a year than in children whose duration was They had diabetes for more than one year and more than 5 years (65%), (58.7%) and (55.9%) respectively. Table (5) Vitamin D level and its relationship to the duration of diabetes in patients: Duration (infection) Vitamin D p- value deficiency insufficiency sufficiency less than one year 13(65%) 4(20%) 3(15%) 20(20%) 0.972 5 - 1 years 27(58.7%) 11(23.9%) 8(17.4%) 46(46%) More than 5 years 19(55.9%) 8(23.5%) 7(20.6%) 34(34%) Discussion Vitamin D deficiency and diabetes are two common conditions that receive great attention and are widespread. In our research, we studied the level of vitamin D and focused on its deficiency in children with type 1 diabetes and in healthy children in the city of Misrata (Libya). Through the results we obtained, there was a significant relationship between the level of vitamin D and type 1 diabetes, and the percentage of vitamin D deficiency in patients was higher compared to insufficiency and normal. Vitamin D deficiency is common among both healthy and sick children, even though the study area is considered a relatively hot region. However, there were no significant differences in the level of vitamin D between the sick group and the healthy group, which was similar to the results of several other previous studies, such as (Rasoul et al .,2016) and (Greer et al., 2012). While it differed with studies that showed a significant difference in vitamin D levels between a sample of diabetic patients and healthy people, such as (Wulandar et al., 2014) and (Ahmad et al., 2019). In our results, (59%) and (55%) of sick and healthy children respectively, suffered from a vitamin D deficiency, and this percentage varied from one study to another, as a vitamin D deficiency was found in 66.7% of Saudi T1DM patients compared to 41.7%. % of the control group (AL Daghri et al., 2014), and a study by (Al-Ghazal et al., 2018) found that the percentage of vitamin D deficiency was 72%, and in healthy people all samples were normal. While it was 58% in patients compared to 32% in healthy children in a study by( Borkar et al., 2010). 84% of infected Kuwaiti children suffered from vitamin D deficiency compared to 77% of unaffected children (Rasoul et al., 2016). Differences in studies related to vitamin D deficiency can be explained by differences in the study area, stages of diagnosis, sample size, and may be due to differences in age, lighting, body mass index, diet, and physical activity, or in differences in skin color, or genetic predisposition (Liu et al., 2015 ), it may also be explained by the fact that variation in vitamin D levels is associated with the occurrence of lunch malabsorption among patients (Svoren et al., 2009). The results of our study showed an inverse correlation between fasting glucose and vitamin D levels, and this is consistent with the study of (Alqudsi et al., 2019), which revealed a negative correlation between fasting glucose values and vitamin D levels in T1DM , and it did not agree with a study by (Al-Ghazal et al., 2018) There is no relationship between vitamin D and fasting blood sugar. It became clear from the results of this study that the greater the vitamin D deficiency, the higher the HbA1c level (a direct relationship) , but the result was not statistically significant. This is consistent with many studies, such as (Alian et al., 2015) and (Carakushansky et al., 2020) , while it contradicts studies that showed an inverse correlation between vitamin D levels and HbA1c, such as (Savastio et al., 2018). This connection between glycated hemoglobin and vitamin D may occur due to the effect of vitamin D on insulin production from beta cells and their actions (Liu et al., 2015), and the vitamin D receptor located in pancreatic B cells may play a role in insulin production and secretion, which may affect To control blood sugar levels in children (Wulandari et al, 2014). According to the results obtained, it was found that the age group that suffers most from vitamin D deficiency is those between the ages of (11-16 years). The reason may be that this age period is a period of puberty and the body needs large amounts of vitamin D to meet the needs of growth and bone formation . This result is supported by several studies, including (Kafeshani et al., 2016) and ( Novoa-Medina et al., 2023), which showed that increasing age is inversely related to vitamin D deficiency. Also, there was no statistical significance for vitamin D deficiency between the sexes, and this result agreed with a study by( Carakushansky et al., 2020), and did not agree with a study conducted in Sweden, which showed significant differences in vitamin D levels between males and females (Littorin et al. (2006), and this study showed that vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in females than males, and this result was consistent with (Al-Agha and Ahmad, 2015). And (TAŞKIN et al., 2020), but did not agree with (Littorin et al., 2006), who showed lower levels of vitamin D in males compared to females. The higher level of the vitamin in males can be explained by frequent exposure to sunlight. The deficiency in females may be due to a faster growth spurt during puberty and a greater need for vitamin D in the bones, in addition to religious reasons, as females wear clothes that do not reveal the skin, which prevents the sun from reaching the skin (Razzaghy-Azar and Shakiba, 2010). Sick children residing in rural areas had a slightly greater percentage of vitamin D deficiency than children residing in urban areas, while healthy children residing in urban areas had a higher rate of vitamin D deficiency than children residing in rural areas. This result was similar to another study that showed no It is a guarantee for people who live in areas that easily reach the sun to avoid vitamin D deficiency (Gomez-Meade et al., 2016), and a study by (Zabeen et al., 2021 )showed that patients from urban areas suffer from more vitamin D deficiency compared to rural areas. Air pollution and limited outdoor activity may be responsible for this outcome in urban residents (Agarwal et al., 2002). Several studies have suggested a relationship between vitamin D deficiency and TIDM risk and suggested that vitamin D supplementation can reduce the incidence of T1DM (Stene and Joner 2003), and our results showed significant significant differences between the group of patients and healthy controls who do not take vitamin D supplements compared to those who do. There are many similar studies, such as (Tunc et al., 2011) and( Ardestani et al., 2010), which showed that taking supplements has significant effects on vitamin D in the blood serum of children. Dietary vitamin D intake can be an important contributor to vitamin D status, but the study by (Ataie-Jafar et al., 2012) found no association between taking vitamin D supplements and vitamin D levels. These differences may be partly explained by differences in the Food components used to estimate dietary intake, and differences in age groups (Ataie-Jafari et al., 2012). The duration of exposure to the sun was also an essential factor in measuring the severity of the deficiency. The group of patients and controls exposed to the sun for less than 15 minutes was the most detrimental to vitamin D deficiency, but the results were not statistically significant. Our results agreed with( Hashemipur et al., 2004). Which did not find statistically significant relationships between vitamin D and the duration of exposure to sunlight, and a significant relationship was found in some studies that showed important relationships between various measures of self-exposure to the sun and levels of vitamin D in the blood, such as a study by ( Ardestani et al., 2010), The different results can be partly explained by the duration of exposure to different degrees of sun, different age groups, and different areas of the study. It can also be explained by the color of the skin and the type of clothing during exposure to light (Ataie-Jafari et al., 2012). The results of this study, which showed fluctuations from month to month in vitamin D levels, despite a lower concentration of vitamin D in winter and fall, agreed with a study by ( Novoa-Medina et al., 2023), which showed seasonal variation with lower levels of vitamin D in winter compared to In the summer. A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was noted in our study, even during the summer, which agreed with a study by( Janner et al., 2010). The reason for this variation in the percentage of vitamin D and the seasons of the year may be due to the lack of vitamin D supplements in many foods. Also, outdoor activities may play a major role in vitamin D deficiency (Janner et al., 2010). The duration of diabetes and vitamin D deficiency did not have any statistical significance in our study. Children with diabetes for less than a year had a greater percentage of vitamin D deficiency, and this percentage decreased as the time of infection increased. The reason for this may be that those with diabetes for more than a year were given supplements for vitamin D, and therefore their vitamin D levels were higher. This result was similar to studies that showed that the duration of diabetes was not related to vitamin D deficiency, as a study by (Gomez-Meade et al., 2016) and (Zabeen et al., 2021), and other studies reported that Patients with vitamin D deficiency have a significantly longer duration of diabetes, as in a study by( Haleem ,2019) and (Vojtkov et al., 2012). The role of vitamin D in regulating diabetes is unclear, but many studies have shown that the vitamin can play a role in the prevention and development of type 1 diabetes. Therefore, understanding the nature of low vitamin D levels in children with T1DM is important because it may clarify the mechanisms of immune destruction of ß- cells, and may lead to interventions to prevent or delay insulin dependence using vitamin D or its analogues (Bin Abb et al., 2011). Conclusions 1- There is a significant relationship between the level of vitamin D and type 1 diabetes, and there are no significant differences in the average amount of vitamin D between patients and healthy people. The level of vitamin D, age, gender, residential area, duration of exposure to the sun, and seasons of the year did not constitute any statistical significance, While the level of vitamin D and taking vitamin D supplements were statistically significant, the percentage of deficiency in children who did not take supplements was greater than in children who took vitamin D supplements.. 2- The level of vitamin D, the duration of diabetes, and the HbA1c did not constitute any statistical significance, and the percentage of deficiency was greater in children whose HbA1c was more than 9, while the levels of vitamin D and fasting blood sugar formed an inverse correlation.
The cardiovascular function and growth of the developing embryo exposed to nicotine during the early stages of chicken embryo.
Congenital malformations, present at birth, can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or both. Nicotine exposure during pregnancy, whether due to passive smoke exposure or active smoking, is a significant environmental factor contributing to congenital malformations. Nicotine imitates acetylcholine, a natural chemical in the body, and its consumption by expectant mothers leads to growth delays, nervous system and cardiac abnormalities, and other abnormalities. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of nicotine on the early stages of embryonic development. The study focused on observing general morphological abnormalities in the development, and alterations in heart rate using domestic chick Galls galls embryos. Fertilized eggs were sterilized with 70% ethanol and then injected with three concentrations of nicotine solution (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/ml) on day zero before being placed in an incubator set at a temperature range of 37.5 - 38 Co. The current research indicated the effects of nicotine on the heart rate (HR) of chicken embryos treated at different stages, HH19 (Day 3), HH27 (Day 5), and HH36 (Day 10), with nicotine solutions in a decrease in HR. This suggests that nicotine has a notable effect on the heart rate of chicken embryos at various developmental stages.
Nicotine, Developing embryo, Heart Disfunction
Evaluation of Pomegranate Peel as Bioadsorbent for the Removal of Lead Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Phytoadsorption Technique
Removal of toxic heavy metals from ecosystems is a challenge. Looking for green solutions is always required. Phytoremediation is one of the most powerful, efficient, and sustainable methods. However, phytoadsorption approach was emerged in the last two decades as a potential, cheap, and benign method for the clean up of contaminated aquatic systems from heavy metals. We have investigated the potential of dry pomegranate peels as biosorbent to remove lead ions from their aqueous solutions using the phytoadsorption technique. Different amounts of the dead biomass (5.0, 2.0, and 0.5 g) at varied shaking rates of 400, 600, 800 OSC/min and three periods of contact time were applied. The resulting observations of all experiments showed that the dry pomegranate peels were able to remove up 91.1% of Pb2+ ions from their 1000-ppm aqueous solutions at room temperature and neutral pH. In addition, the pomegranate peel as a bioadsorbent has showed an adsorption capacity up to 96.1 mg/g. Consequently, the pomegranate peels can be used as potential bioadsorbents for the removal of lead heavy metal from the contaminated aquatic systems.
Lead heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Phytoadsorption, Pomegranate peels, Bioadsorbent.
Alleviation of Salinity Stress on Growth and Yield of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L) Plants Using Dry Yeast (Saccharomyces cereivisiae) Solution
The area of saline effected soils is increasing worldwide. Salinity significantly influences plant growth and yield. However, dry yeast (Saccharomyces cereivisiae) solution may play a role in alleviating salinity stress on faba bean (Vicia faba L) plants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the ability of dry yeast solution on reducing the negative effect of salinity on bean plants. In complete randomized design with four replicates in two factors, this study was conducted. Faba bean plants were grown under saline and non-saline conditions (0 and 120mM NaCl), treated with and without yeast solution (10g/L). The results indicated that salinity stress 120mM NaCl significantly (p<0.001) decreased most of studied growth and yield parameters such as plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, number of pods plant-1 number of seeds pod-1, weight of 10 seeds, dry weight and seed yield. On the other hand, the result shown that the application of 10g/L of yeast solution induced significant (p<0.05) promotive effects on most of growth and yield parameters in both saline and non-saline conditions. The study revealed that dry yeast solution treatment had the ability to persuade significant recovery for the reduction occurred in growth and yield traits of bean plants exposed to salinity. Overall, the study conclude that yeast can be beneficial to alleviate the injury caused by salinity stress; however, it may needed to combine it with other farming practices for optimal results.